تاليوم

Thallium, ₈₁Tl
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈθæliəm/ ; THAL-ee-əm
Appearance	silvery white
Thallium په دوراني جدول کې
mercury ← thallium → lead	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	81
گروپ, پیریود	group 13 (boron group), period 6
بلاک	p-block
Element category	post-transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	[204.382, 204.385]; conventional: 204.38;
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	577 K (304 °C, 579 °F)
يشنا ټکی	1746 K (1473 °C, 2683 °F)
Density near r.t.	11.85 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	11.22 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	4.14 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	165 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.32 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −5 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.62
Ionization energies	1st: 589.4 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1971 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2878 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 170 pm
Covalent radius	145±7 pm
Van der Waals radius	196 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp) Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for thallium
Speed of sound thin rod	818 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	29.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	46.1 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	0.18 µΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−50.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	8 GPa
Shear modulus	2.8 GPa
Bulk modulus	43 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.45
Mohs hardness	1.2
Brinell hardness	26.5–44.7 MPa
CAS Number	7440-28-0
History
Naming	after Greek thallos, green shoot or twig
Discovery	William Crookes (1861)
First isolation	Claude-Auguste Lamy (1862)
Main isotopes of thallium
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تاليوم (په انگرېزي: Thallium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Tl سمبول او ۸۱ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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سرچينې

↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
↑ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.
↑ Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[2] Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). "Na₂₃K₉Tl_15.3: An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl₅⁷⁻, Tl₄⁸⁻, Tl₃⁷⁻, and Tl⁵⁻ Anions". Inorganic Chemistry. 35 (11): 3107–12. doi:10.1021/ic960014z.

[3] Lide, D. R., ed. (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (86th ed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0486-5.

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

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