سېلېکان

Silicon, ₁₄Si
	Spectral lines of silicon
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪlɪkən/ or /ˈsɪlɪkɒn/ ; SIL-IK-ən or SIL-IK-on
Appearance	crystalline, reflective with bluish-tinged faces
Silicon په دوراني جدول کې
aluminium ← silicon → phosphorus	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	14
گروپ, پیریود	group 14 (carbon group), period 3
بلاک	p-block
Element category	metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	[28.084, 28.086]; conventional: 28.085;
Electron configuration	[Ne] 3s2 3p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1687 K (1414 °C, 2577 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3538 K (3265 °C, 5909 °F)
Density near r.t.	2.3290 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	2.57 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.21 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	383 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	19.789 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.90
Ionization energies	1st: 786.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1577.1 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3231.6 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 111 pm
Covalent radius	111 pm
Van der Waals radius	210 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered diamond-cubic Diamond cubic crystal structure for silicon
Speed of sound thin rod	8433 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	2.6 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	149 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	2.3کينډۍ:E Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	1.12 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−3.9·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	130–188 GPa
Shear modulus	51–80 GPa
Bulk modulus	97.6 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.064–0.28
Mohs hardness	7
CAS Number	7440-21-3
History
Naming	after Latin 'silex' or 'silicis', meaning flint
Prediction	Antoine Lavoisier (1787)
Discovery and first isolation	Jöns Jacob Berzelius (1823)
Named by	Thomas Thomson (1817)
Main isotopes of silicon
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سېلېکان (په انگرېزي: Silicon) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Si سمبول او ۱۴ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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سرچينې

↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
↑ Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190: 341–352. PMID 9668026.
↑ Eranna, Golla (2014). Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4822-3281-3.
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in کينډۍ:RubberBible86th
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ ^۶٫۰ ^۶٫۱ ^۶٫۲ ^۶٫۳ Hopcroft, Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19 (2): 229. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697.
↑ Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.
↑ Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[2] Ram, R. S.; et al. (1998). "Fourier Transform Emission Spectroscopy of the A2D–X2P Transition of SiH and SiD" (PDF). J. Mol. Spectr. 190: 341–352. PMID 9668026.

[Eranna2014-3] Eranna, Golla (2014). Crystal Growth and Evaluation of Silicon for VLSI and ULSI. CRC Press. p. 7. ISBN 978-1-4822-3281-3.

[4] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in کينډۍ:RubberBible86th

[5] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[hopcroft-6] ۶٫۰ ^۶٫۱ ^۶٫۲ ^۶٫۳ Hopcroft, Matthew A.; Nix, William D.; Kenny, Thomas W. (2010). "What is the Young's Modulus of Silicon?". Journal of Microelectromechanical Systems. 19 (2): 229. doi:10.1109/JMEMS.2009.2039697.

[7] Weeks, Mary Elvira (1932). "The discovery of the elements: XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum". Journal of Chemical Education. 9 (8): 1386–1412. Bibcode:1932JChEd...9.1386W. doi:10.1021/ed009p1386.

[8] Voronkov, M. G. (2007). "Silicon era". Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry. 80 (12): 2190. doi:10.1134/S1070427207120397.

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