کاربون

Carbon, ₆C
	Graphite (left) and diamond (right), the two most well-known allotropes of carbon
	Spectral lines of carbon
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈkɑrbən/ ; KAR-bən
Allotropes	graphite, diamond
Appearance	graphite: black; diamond: clear
Carbon په دوراني جدول کې
boron ← carbon → nitrogen	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	6
گروپ, پیریود	group 14 (carbon group), period 2
بلاک	p-block
Element category	polyatomic nonmetal, sometimes considered a metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	[12.0096, 12.0116]; conventional: 12.011;
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p2
Electrons per shell	2, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
Sublimation point	3915 K (3642 °C, 6588 °F)
Density near r.t.	amorphous: 1.8–2.1 g/cm3 ; graphite: 2.267 g/cm3 ; diamond: 3.515 g/cm3
Triple point	4600 K, 10,800 kPa
Heat of fusion	graphite: 117 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	graphite: 8.517 J/(mol·K) ; diamond: 6.155 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	+4, +3, +2, +1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.55
Ionization energies	1st: 1086.5 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2352.6 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 4620.5 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Covalent radius	sp3: 77 pm; sp2: 73 pm; sp: 69 pm
Van der Waals radius	170 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	graphite: simple hexagonal ; (black)
Crystal structure	diamond: face-centered diamond-cubic ; (clear)
Speed of sound thin rod	diamond: 18,350 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	diamond: 0.8 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	graphite: 119–165 W/(m·K) ; diamond: 900–2300 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	graphite: 7.837 µΩ·m
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−5.9·10−6 (graph.) cm3/mol
Young's modulus	diamond: 1050 GPa
Shear modulus	diamond: 478 GPa
Bulk modulus	diamond: 442 GPa
Poisson ratio	diamond: 0.1
Mohs hardness	graphite: 1–2 ; diamond: 10
CAS Number	7440-44-0
History
Discovery	Egyptians and Sumerians (3750 BCE)
Recognized as an element by	Antoine Lavoisier (1789)
Main isotopes of carbon
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کاربون (په انگرېزي: Carbon) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د C سمبول او ۶ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دسه التروپ

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↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.
↑ کينډۍ:RubberBible86th
↑ Haaland, D (1976). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon"]. Carbon 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.
↑ Savvatimskiy, A (2005). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)"]. Carbon 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.
↑ کينډۍ:Citeweb
↑ کينډۍ:Citeweb
↑ کينډۍ:Citeweb
↑ ^۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ ^۸٫۲ ^۸٫۳ ^۸٫۴ Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database
↑ "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۲ نومبر ۲۰۱۶. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۲ سپټمبر ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۴ نومبر ۲۰۰۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.

[CRC-2] کينډۍ:RubberBible86th

[triple2-3] Haaland, D (1976). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Graphite-liquid-vapor triple point pressure and the density of liquid carbon"]. Carbon 14 (6): 357. doi:10.1016/0008-6223(76)90010-5.

[triple3-4] Savvatimskiy, A (2005). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Measurements of the melting point of graphite and the properties of liquid carbon (a review for 1963–2003)"]. Carbon 43 (6): 1115. doi:10.1016/j.carbon.2004.12.027.

[5] کينډۍ:Citeweb

[6] کينډۍ:Citeweb

[7] کينډۍ:Citeweb

[ioffe-8] ۸٫۰ ^۸٫۱ ^۸٫۲ ^۸٫۳ ^۸٫۴ Properties of diamond, Ioffe Institute Database

[9] "Material Properties- Misc Materials". www.nde-ed.org. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۲ نومبر ۲۰۱۶. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[10] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[11] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[12] "History of Carbon and Carbon Materials - Center for Applied Energy Research - University of Kentucky". Caer.uky.edu. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۲ سپټمبر ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[13] Senese, Fred (2000-09-09). "Who discovered carbon?". Frostburg State University. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۴ نومبر ۲۰۰۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

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