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Gallium, 31 Ga Pronunciation / ˈ ɡ æ l i ə m / GAL -ee-əmAppearance silvery blue اټومي شمیره (Z ) 31 گروپ , پیریود group 13 (boron group) , period 4 بلاک p-block Element category post-transition metal معياري اټومي وزن (A r ) کينډۍ:Val [۱] Electron configuration [Ar ] 3d10 4s2 4p1 Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 3 حالت (at STP ) جامد دويلې کيدو ټکى 302.9146 K (29.7646 °C, 85.5763 °F) يشنا ټکی 2673 K (2400 °C, 4352 °F)[۲] Density near r.t. 5.91 g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p. 6.095 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 5.59 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 256 kJ/mol[۲] Molar heat capacity 25.86 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1310
1448
1620
1838
2125
2518
Oxidation states 3 , 2, 1, −1, −2, −4, −5[۳] (an amphoteric oxide)Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.81 Ionization energies 1st: 578.8 kJ/mol 2nd: 1979.3 kJ/mol 3rd: 2963 kJ/mol (more ) Atomic radius empirical: 135 pm Covalent radius 122±3 pm Van der Waals radius 187 pm Crystal structure orthorhombic Orthorhombic crystal structure for gallium Speed of sound thin rod 2740 m/s (at 20 °C) Thermal expansion 18 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) د تودوخې تېرېدنه 40.6 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 270 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic Magnetic susceptibility (χ mol ) −21.6·10−6 cm3 /mol (at 290 K)[۴] Young's modulus 9.8 GPa Poisson ratio 0.47 Mohs hardness 1.5 Brinell hardness 56.8–68.7 MPa CAS Number 7440-55-3 Naming after Gallia (Latin for: France), homeland of the discoverer Prediction Dmitri Mendeleev (1871) Discovery and first isolationLecoq de Boisbaudran (1875)
| references | in Wikidata
گاليوم (په انگرېزي : Gallium ) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ga سمبول او ۳۱ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.
تاریخچه [ سمول ]
د استعمال ځایونه [ سمول ]
↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi :10.1515/pac-2015-0305 . https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml .
↑ ۲٫۰ ۲٫۱ Zhang Y; Evans JRG; Zhang S (2011). "Corrected Values for Boiling Points and Enthalpies of Vaporization of Elements in Handbooks" . J. Chem. Eng. Data 56 (2): 328–337. doi :10.1021/je1011086 . http://www.researchgate.net/publication/231538496_Corrected_Values_for_Boiling_Points_and_Enthalpies_of_Vaporization_of_Elements_in_Handbooks .
↑ Hofmann, Patrick (1997). Colture. Ein Programm zur interaktiven Visualisierung von Festkörperstrukturen sowie Synthese, Struktur und Eigenschaften von binären und ternären Alkali- und Erdalkalimetallgalliden (PDF) (په الماني ژبه کي). PhD Thesis, ETH Zurich. د کتاب پاڼې 72. doi :10.3929/ethz-a-001859893 . د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 3728125970 .
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4 .
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