جرمانيوم

Germanium, ₃₂Ge
	Grayish lustrous block with uneven cleaved surface A 12 gram (2×3 cm) polycrystalline block of germanium with uneven cleaved surfaces
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/dʒərˈmeɪniəm/ ; jər-MAY-nee-əm
Appearance	grayish-white
Germanium په دوراني جدول کې
gallium ← germanium → arsenic	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	32
گروپ, پیریود	group 14 (carbon group), period 4
بلاک	p-block
Element category	metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 4
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1211.40 K (938.25 °C, 1720.85 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3106 K (2833 °C, 5131 °F)
Density near r.t.	5.323 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	5.60 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	36.94 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	334 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	23.222 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, 0, −1, −2, −3, −4 (an amphoteric oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.01
Ionization energies	1st: 762 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1537.5 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3302.1 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 122 pm
Covalent radius	122 pm
Van der Waals radius	211 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered diamond-cubic Diamond cubic crystal structure for germanium
Speed of sound thin rod	5400 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.0 µm/(m·K)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	60.2 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	1 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Band gap	0.67 eV (at 300 K)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−76.84·10−6 cm3/mol
Young's modulus	103 GPa
Shear modulus	41 GPa
Bulk modulus	75 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.26
Mohs hardness	6.0
CAS Number	7440-56-4
History
Naming	after Germany, homeland of the discoverer
Prediction	Dmitri Mendeleev (1871)
Discovery	Clemens Winkler (1886)
Main isotopes of germanium
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جرمانيوم (په انگرېزي: Germanium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ge سمبول او ۳۲ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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سرچينې

↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
↑ Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.
↑ ^۴٫۰ ^۴٫۱ ^۴٫۲ ^۴٫۳ "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[2] Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics 81st edition, CRC press.

[3] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. pp. E110. ISBN 0-8493-0464-4.

[ioffe-4] ۴٫۰ ^۴٫۱ ^۴٫۲ ^۴٫۳ "Properties of Germanium". Ioffe Institute.

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