توريوم

Thorium, ₉₀Th
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈθɔəriəm/ ; THAWR-ee-əm
Appearance	silvery, often with black tarnish
Thorium په دوراني جدول کې
actinium ← thorium → protactinium	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	90
گروپ, پیریود	group n/a, period 7
بلاک	f-block
Element category	actinide
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Rn] 6d2 7s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 10, 2
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	2023 K (1750 °C, 3182 °F)
يشنا ټکی	5061 K (4788 °C, 8650 °F)
Density near r.t.	11.7 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	13.81 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporisation	514 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.230 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 (a weakly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.3
Ionisation energies	1st: 587 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1110 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1930 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 179.8 pm
Covalent radius	206±6 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centred cubic (fcc) Facecentredcubic crystal structure for thorium
Speed of sound thin rod	2490 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	11.0 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	54.0 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	157 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	132.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	79 GPa
Shear modulus	31 GPa
Bulk modulus	54 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.27
Mohs hardness	3.0
Vickers hardness	295–685 MPa
Brinell hardness	390–1500 MPa
CAS Number	7440-29-1
History
Naming	after Thor, the Norse god of thunder
Discovery	Jöns Jakob Berzelius (1829)
Main isotopes of thorium
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توريوم (په انگرېزي: Thorium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Th سمبول او ۹۰ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.
↑ Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). CRC Press. د کتاب پاڼې 4-135. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8493-0486-6. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼې E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.

[magnet-2] Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). CRC Press. د کتاب پاڼې 4-135. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8493-0486-6. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[3] Weast, R. (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼې E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

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