بورون

Boron, ₅B
	boron (β-rhombohedral)
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈbɔərɒn/
Allotropes	α-, β-rhombohedral, β-tetragonal (and more)
Appearance	black-brown
Boron په دوراني جدول کې
beryllium ← boron → carbon	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	5
گروپ, پیریود	group 13 (boron group), period 2
بلاک	p-block
Element category	metalloid
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	[10.806, 10.821]; conventional: 10.81;
Electron configuration	[He] 2s2 2p1
Electrons per shell	2, 3
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	2349 K (2076 °C, 3769 °F)
يشنا ټکی	4200 K (3927 °C, 7101 °F)
Density when liquid, at m.p.	2.08 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	50.2 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	508 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	11.087 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	3, 2, 1, −1, −5 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.04
Ionization energies	1st: 800.6 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 2427.1 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3659.7 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 90 pm
Covalent radius	84±3 pm
Van der Waals radius	192 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	rhombohedral
Speed of sound thin rod	16,200 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	β form: 5–7 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	27.4 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	~106 Ω·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	diamagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	−6.7·10−6 cm3/mol
Mohs hardness	~9.5
CAS Number	7440-42-8
History
Discovery	Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard (30 June 1808)
First isolation	Humphry Davy (9 July 1808)
Main isotopes of boron
	10B content may be as low as 19.1% and as high as 20.3% in natural samples. 11B is the remainder in such cases.
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بورون (په انگرېزي: Boron) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د B سمبول او ۵ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

مشخصات[سمول]

تاریخچه[سمول]

مرکبات[سمول]

د استعمال ځایونه[سمول]

سرچينې[سمول]

↑ Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1
↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.
↑ Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF". J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170: 82. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058. Bibcode: 1995JMoSp.170...82Z. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf.
↑ کينډۍ:Cite article
↑ Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron"]. High Temp. Sci. 5 (5): 349–57.
↑ Lide, David R. (ed.) (2000). Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF). CRC press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0849304814. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: نص إضافي: قائمة المؤلفون (link)
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Gay Lussac, J.L.; Thenard, L.J. (1808). "Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique". Annales de chimie 68: 169–174. http://books.google.com/books?id=e6Aw616K5ysC&pg=PA169.
↑ Davy H (1809). "An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 99: 39–104. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0005. http://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140.
↑ ^۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۱ سپټمبر ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method"]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[1] Van Setten et al. 2007, pp. 2460–1

[CIAAW2016-2] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.

[v1-3] Zhang, K.Q.; Guo, B.; Braun, V.; Dulick, M.; Bernath, P.F. (1995). "Infrared Emission Spectroscopy of BF and AIF". J. Molecular Spectroscopy 170: 82. doi:10.1006/jmsp.1995.1058. Bibcode: 1995JMoSp.170...82Z. http://bernath.uwaterloo.ca/media/125.pdf.

[4] کينډۍ:Cite article

[5] Holcombe Jr., C. E.; Smith, D. D.; Lorc, J. D.; Duerlesen, W. K.; Carpenter; D. A. (October 1973). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Physical-Chemical Properties of beta-Rhombohedral Boron"]. High Temp. Sci. 5 (5): 349–57.

[magnet-6] Lide, David R. (ed.) (2000). Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds, in Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF). CRC press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0849304814. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)صيانة CS1: نص إضافي: قائمة المؤلفون (link)

[7] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[Lussac-8] Gay Lussac, J.L.; Thenard, L.J. (1808). "Sur la décomposition et la recomposition de l'acide boracique". Annales de chimie 68: 169–174. http://books.google.com/books?id=e6Aw616K5ysC&pg=PA169.

[Davy-9] Davy H (1809). "An account of some new analytical researches on the nature of certain bodies, particularly the alkalies, phosphorus, sulphur, carbonaceous matter, and the acids hitherto undecomposed: with some general observations on chemical theory". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 99: 39–104. doi:10.1098/rstl.1809.0005. http://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140.

[NISTic-10] ۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ "Atomic Weights and Isotopic Compositions for All Elements". National Institute of Standards and Technology. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۱ سپټمبر ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[11] Szegedi, S.; Váradi, M.; Buczkó, Cs. M.; Várnagy, M.; Sztaricskai, T. (1990). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Determination of boron in glass by neutron transmission method"]. Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry Letters 146 (3): 177. doi:10.1007/BF02165219.

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