نېکل

Nickel, ₂₈Ni
	A pitted and lumpy piece of nickel, with the top surface cut flat
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈnɪkəl/ ; NIK-əl
Appearance	lustrous, metallic, and silver with a gold tinge
Nickel په دوراني جدول کې
cobalt ← nickel → copper	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	28
گروپ, پیریود	group 10, period 4
بلاک	d-block
Element category	transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Ar] 3d8 4s2 or; [Ar] 3d9 4s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 16, 2 or 2, 8, 17, 1
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1728 K (1455 °C, 2651 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3003 K (2730 °C, 4946 °F)
Density near r.t.	8.908 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	7.81 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	17.48 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	379 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.07 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.91
Ionization energies	1st: 737.1 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1753.0 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 3395 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 124 pm
Covalent radius	124±4 pm
Van der Waals radius	163 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc) Face-centered cubic crystal structure for nickel
Speed of sound thin rod	4900 m/s (at r.t.)
Thermal expansion	13.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	90.9 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	69.3 nΩ·m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering	ferromagnetic
Young's modulus	200 GPa
Shear modulus	76 GPa
Bulk modulus	180 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.31
Mohs hardness	4.0
Vickers hardness	638 MPa
Brinell hardness	667–1600 MPa
CAS Number	7440-02-0
History
Discovery and first isolation	Axel Fredrik Cronstedt (1751)
Main isotopes of nickel
	view • talk • edit\| references \| in Wikidata

نېکل (په انگرېزي: Nickel) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ni سمبول او ۲۸ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

مشخصات

تاریخچه

مرکبات

د استعمال ځایونه

سرچينې

↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)
↑ Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 3384. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.
↑ Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265–91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |displayauthors= ignored (|display-authors= suggested) (help)

[2] Carnes, Matthew; Buccella, Daniela; Chen, Judy Y.-C.; Ramirez, Arthur P.; Turro, Nicholas J.; Nuckolls, Colin; Steigerwald, Michael (2009). "A Stable Tetraalkyl Complex of Nickel(IV)". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (2): 3384. doi:10.1002/anie.200804435. PMID 19021174.

[3] Pfirrmann, Stefan; Limberg, Christian; Herwig, Christian; Stößer, Reinhard; Ziemer, Burkhard (2009). "A Dinuclear Nickel(I) Dinitrogen Complex and its Reduction in Single-Electron Steps". Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 48 (18): 3357. doi:10.1002/anie.200805862. PMID 19322853.

[۱]

[۲]

[۳]