د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
Thallium, 81 Tl Pronunciation / ˈ θ æ l i ə m / THAL -ee-əmAppearance silvery white اټومي شمیره (Z ) 81 گروپ , پیریود group 13 (boron group) , period 6 بلاک p-block Element category post-transition metal معياري اټومي وزن (A r ) [204.382, 204.385][۱] conventional: 204.38 Electron configuration [Xe ] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p1 Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 3 حالت (at STP ) جامد دويلې کيدو ټکى 577 K (304 °C, 579 °F) يشنا ټکی 1746 K (1473 °C, 2683 °F) Density near r.t. 11.85 g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p. 11.22 g/cm3 Heat of fusion 4.14 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 165 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 26.32 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
882
977
1097
1252
1461
1758
Oxidation states 3 , 2, 1 , −1, −2, −5[۲] (a mildly basic oxide)Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.62 Ionization energies 1st: 589.4 kJ/mol 2nd: 1971 kJ/mol 3rd: 2878 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 170 pm Covalent radius 145±7 pm Van der Waals radius 196 pm Crystal structure hexagonal close-packed (hcp)Hexagonal close packed crystal structure for thallium Speed of sound thin rod 818 m/s (at 20 °C) Thermal expansion 29.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) د تودوخې تېرېدنه 46.1 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 0.18 µΩ·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic [۳] Magnetic susceptibility (χ mol ) −50.9·10−6 cm3 /mol (298 K)[۴] Young's modulus 8 GPa Shear modulus 2.8 GPa Bulk modulus 43 GPa Poisson ratio 0.45 Mohs hardness 1.2 Brinell hardness 26.5–44.7 MPa CAS Number 7440-28-0 Naming after Greek thallos , green shoot or twig Discovery William Crookes (1861) First isolation Claude-Auguste Lamy (1862)
| references | in Wikidata
تاليوم (په انگرېزي : Thallium ) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Tl سمبول او ۸۱ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.
تاریخچه [ سمول ]
د استعمال ځایونه [ سمول ]
↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi :10.1515/pac-2015-0305 . https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml .
↑ Dong, Z.-C.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Na23 K9 Tl15.3 : An Unusual Zintl Compound Containing Apparent Tl5 7− , Tl4 8− , Tl3 7− , and Tl5− Anions"]. Inorganic Chemistry 35 (11): 3107–12. doi :10.1021/ic960014z .
↑ Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0486-5 .
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4 .
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