روتېنيوم

Ruthenium, ₄₄Ru
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ruːˈθiːniəm/ ; roo-THEE-nee-əm
Appearance	silvery white metallic
Ruthenium په دوراني جدول کې
technetium ← ruthenium → rhodium	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	44
گروپ, پیریود	group 8, period 5
بلاک	d-block
Element category	transition metal
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Kr] 4d7 5s1
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 15, 1
فزیکي خواص
دويلې کيدو ټکى	2607 K (2334 °C, 4233 °F)
يشنا ټکی	4423 K (4150 °C, 7502 °F)
Density near r.t.	12.45 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	10.65 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	38.59 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	619 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	24.06 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	-4, -2, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 (a mildly acidic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 2.2
Ionization energies	1st: 710.2 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1620 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 2747 kJ/mol ; ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 134 pm
Covalent radius	146±7 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	hexagonal close-packed (hcp)
Speed of sound thin rod	5970 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	6.4 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	117 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	71 nΩ·m (at 0 °C)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	+43.2·10−6 cm3/mol (298 K)
Young's modulus	447 GPa
Shear modulus	173 GPa
Bulk modulus	220 GPa
Poisson ratio	0.30
Mohs hardness	6.5
Brinell hardness	2160 MPa
CAS Number	7440-18-8
History
Naming	after Ruthenia (Latin for: medieval Kyivska Rus' region)
Discovery and first isolation	Karl Ernst Claus (1844)
Main isotopes of ruthenium
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روتېنيوم (په انگرېزي: Ruthenium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ru سمبول او ۴۴ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.
↑ "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۰ ډيسمبر ۲۰۰۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0486-5. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.

[2] "Ruthenium: ruthenium(I) fluoride compound data". OpenMOPAC.net. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۰ ډيسمبر ۲۰۰۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[3] Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0486-5. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

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