د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
Indium, 49 In Pronunciation / ˈ ɪ n d i ə m / IN -dee-əmAppearance silvery lustrous gray اټومي شمیره (Z ) 49 گروپ , پیریود group 13 (boron group) , period 5 بلاک p-block Element category post-transition metal معياري اټومي وزن (A r ) کينډۍ:Val [۱] Electron configuration [Kr ] 4d10 5s2 5p1 Electrons per shell
2, 8, 18, 18, 3 حالت (at STP ) جامد دويلې کيدو ټکى 429.7485 K (156.5985 °C, 313.8773 °F) يشنا ټکی 2345 K (2072 °C, 3762 °F) Density near r.t. 7.31 g/cm3 when liquid, at m.p. 7.02 g/cm3 Triple point 429.7445 K, ~1 kPa[۲] Heat of fusion 3.281 kJ/mol Heat of vaporization 231.8 kJ/mol Molar heat capacity 26.74 J/(mol·K) Vapor pressure
P (Pa)
1
10
100
1 k
10 k
100 k
at T (K)
1196
1325
1485
1690
1962
2340
Oxidation states 3 , 2, 1, −1, −2, −5[۳] (an amphoteric oxide)Electronegativity Pauling scale: 1.78 Ionization energies 1st: 558.3 kJ/mol 2nd: 1820.7 kJ/mol 3rd: 2704 kJ/mol Atomic radius empirical: 167 pm Covalent radius 142±5 pm Van der Waals radius 193 pm Crystal structure tetragonal Tetragonal crystal structure for indium Speed of sound thin rod 1215 m/s (at 20 °C) Thermal expansion 32.1 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) د تودوخې تېرېدنه 81.8 W/(m·K) Electrical resistivity 83.7 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) Magnetic ordering diamagnetic [۴] Magnetic susceptibility (χ mol ) −64.0·10−6 cm3 /mol (298 K)[۵] Young's modulus 11 GPa Mohs hardness 1.2 Brinell hardness 8.8–10.0 MPa CAS Number 7440-74-6 Discovery Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1863) First isolation Hieronymous Theodor Richter (1864)
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انډيوم (په انگرېزي : Indium ) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د In سمبول او ۴۹ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.
تاریخچه [ سمول ]
د استعمال ځایونه [ سمول ]
↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)" . Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi :10.1515/pac-2015-0305 . https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml .
↑ Mangum, B. W. (1989). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Determination of the Indium Freezing-point and Triple-point Temperatures"]. Metrologia 26 (4): 211. doi :10.1088/0026-1394/26/4/001 . Bibcode : 1989Metro..26..211M .
↑ Guloy, A. M.; Corbett, J. D. (1996). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Synthesis, Structure, and Bonding of Two Lanthanum Indium Germanides with Novel Structures and Properties"]. Inorganic Chemistry 35 (9): 2616–22. doi :10.1021/ic951378e .
↑ Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0486-5 .
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics . Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4 .
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