استبداد ضد

د استبداد ضد ، د استبدادي حکومت سره مخالفت د "ټولنیز سازمان یوه بڼه ده چې واک ته د تسلیمېدو له مخې مشخص کیږي"، ^[۱] او "د بشپړ اطاعت او د فردي آزادۍ په اړه واک ته تسلیمېدل" ^[۲] او د استبدادي حکومت تعریف به وي. ^[۳] د استبداد ضد سیاست اکثرا د قانون په وړاندې په بشپړ مساوات او قوي مدني آزادیو باور لري. ځینې وختونه دا اصطلاح د انارشیزم پر ځای کارول کیږي، کوم چې د واک یا سلسلې سازمانونو او میکانیزمونو په څیر د حکومتي سازمانونو په څیر د واک سره په مخالفت کې ایډیالوژي (ایډیالوژي) ده. ^[۴] ^[۵] ^[۶] ^[۷] ^[۸] ^[۹]

ليدلوری او تګلار

آزاد فکر یو فلسفي نظر دی چې په دې باور دی چې نظرونه باید د منطق ، استدلال ، او تجربې پر بنسټ جوړ شي، نه د واک ، دود یا نورو عقیدې پر بنسټ. ^[۱۰] ^[۱۱] ^[۱۲] د دې لید ادراکي تطبیق ته "آزاد فکر" ویل کیږي او هغه څوک چې پدې ډول فکر کوي "آزاد فکر" بلل کیږي. ^[۱۰] ^[۱۳]

واک ته استدلال ( په لاتین : argumentum ab auctoritate ) د استدلال یوه عامه بڼه ده چې کله ناوړه ګټه اخیستل د ساختماني غلطۍ لامل کیږي. په غیر رسمي استدلال کې، واک ته استدلال د استدلال یوه بڼه ده چې موخه یې د احصایوي پرتله کول دي. د واک حواله په لاندې ډول کار کوي:

A په یوه ځانګړې موضوع کې واک دی

A د دې مسلې په اړه بیان ورکوي

نو ځکه A سمه ده

وخت

له دویمې نړیوالې جګړې وروسته په اروپا کې د فاشیزم ضد تجربې پر بنسټ د زورواکۍ ضد احساسات موجود وو. دا احساس د اشغال په وړاندې قوي دریځ او د زبرځواکونو د پراخیدو له امله رامینځته شوي ویره ته منسوب شوی و. حاکمیت هم د کلتوري او بوهیمیا ضد حرکتونو برخه وه. په 1950 لسیزه کې، د بیټ نسل له سیاسي پلوه افراطي و، او تر یوې اندازې پورې د دوی د استبدادي ضد چلند د فعالینو لخوا په 1960 کلونو کې کارول کیده. ^[۱۴] هپیانو او د 1960 لسیزې لوی کلتور ضد حرکتونو د ژوند طرز او فعالیت غوره کړ چې په ایډیالوژیکي لید کې یې د حاکمیت ضد عدم تشدد وسیلې کارولې. د دې غورځنګ په اړه چلند په لاندې ډول و: "هیپيان د ټولو ظالمانه سلسلې ځواک جوړښتونو سره مخالف وو ځکه چې دا سازمانونه د هپیانو د اهدافو خلاف دي چې سوله، مینه او آزادي دي. هیپیان خپل باورونه په نورو باندې نه مجبوروي. بلکه، دوی هڅه کوي نړۍ د حکمت او خپل ژوند ښودلو له لارې بدله کړي. ^[۱۵] په 1970 لسیزه کې، استبداديزم د پنک فرعي کلتور سره تړلی شو.

اړوندې پوښتنې

حوالې

↑ Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus (1995). "authoritarianism". Houghton Mifflin Company. خوندي شوی له the original on 24 June 2008. بياځلي په 2008-06-25.
↑ "anti-authoritarian" at dictionary.com
↑ "antiauthoritarian" at The Free Dictionary
↑ "Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 28
↑ "IAF principles". International of Anarchist Federations. خوندي شوی له the original on 5 January 2012. The IAF - IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.
↑ "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations-by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power- and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 1
↑ "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.
↑ Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". خوندي شوی له the original on 25 March 2010. بياځلي په 1 March 2010.
↑ Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."
↑ ^۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ "Freethinker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. بياځلي په 2014-01-12.
↑ "Free thought | Define Free thought at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. بياځلي په 2014-01-12.
↑ "Glossary: freethought". International Humanist and Ethical Union. خوندي شوی له the original on January 17, 2013.
↑ "Nontracts - FFRF Publications". Archive.is. خوندي شوی له the original on 2012-08-04. بياځلي په 2014-01-12.
↑ Matterson, Stephen. "Mid-1950s-1960s Beat Generation". The American Novel. PBS. خوندي شوی له the original on 7 July 2007.
↑ Stone, Skip (1999). "The Way of the Hippy". Hippies from A to Z.

[1] Roget’s II: The New Thesaurus (1995). "authoritarianism". Houghton Mifflin Company. خوندي شوی له the original on 24 June 2008. بياځلي په 2008-06-25.

[2] "anti-authoritarian" at dictionary.com

[3] "antiauthoritarian" at The Free Dictionary

[4] "Anarchists do reject the state, as we will see. But to claim that this central aspect of anarchism is definitive is to sell anarchism short."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 28

[iaf-ifa.org-5] "IAF principles". International of Anarchist Federations. خوندي شوی له the original on 5 January 2012. The IAF - IFA fights for: the abolition of all forms of authority whether economical, political, social, religious, cultural or sexual.

[6] "Authority is defined in terms of the right to exercise social control (as explored in the "sociology of power") and the correlative duty to obey (as explored in the "philosophy of practical reason"). Anarchism is distinguished, philosophically, by its scepticism towards such moral relations-by its questioning of the claims made for such normative power- and, practically, by its challenge to those "authoritative" powers which cannot justify their claims and which are therefore deemed illegitimate or without moral foundation."Anarchism and Authority: A Philosophical Introduction to Classical Anarchism by Paul McLaughlin. AshGate. 2007. pg. 1

[7] "Anarchism, then, really stands for the liberation of the human mind from the dominion of religion; the liberation of the human body from the dominion of property; liberation from the shackles and restraint of government. Anarchism stands for a social order based on the free grouping of individuals for the purpose of producing real social wealth; an order that will guarantee to every human being free access to the earth and full enjoyment of the necessities of life, according to individual desires, tastes, and inclinations." Emma Goldman. "What it Really Stands for Anarchy" in Anarchism and Other Essays.

[Ward_1966-8] Ward, Colin (1966). "Anarchism as a Theory of Organization". خوندي شوی له the original on 25 March 2010. بياځلي په 1 March 2010.

[9] Anarchist historian George Woodcock report of Mikhail Bakunin's anti-authoritarianism and shows opposition to both state and non-state forms of authority as follows: "All anarchists deny authority; many of them fight against it." (pg. 9) ... Bakunin did not convert the League's central committee to his full program, but he did persuade them to accept a remarkably radical recommendation to the Berne Congress of September 1868, demanding economic equality and implicitly attacking authority in both Church and State."

[merriam-webster.com-10] ۱۰٫۰ ^۱۰٫۱ "Freethinker - Definition and More from the Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary". Merriam-webster.com. 2012-08-31. بياځلي په 2014-01-12.

[11] "Free thought | Define Free thought at Dictionary.com". Dictionary.reference.com. بياځلي په 2014-01-12.

[12] "Glossary: freethought". International Humanist and Ethical Union. خوندي شوی له the original on January 17, 2013.

[13] "Nontracts - FFRF Publications". Archive.is. خوندي شوی له the original on 2012-08-04. بياځلي په 2014-01-12.

[14] Matterson, Stephen. "Mid-1950s-1960s Beat Generation". The American Novel. PBS. خوندي شوی له the original on 7 July 2007.

[Stonepolitics-15] Stone, Skip (1999). "The Way of the Hippy". Hippies from A to Z.

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