ځمکه

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  1. ↑ دوتنه: Brent Dalrymple — سرليک: The age of the Earth in the twentieth century: a problem (mostly) solved — ورځپاڼه: 190 — پاڼه: 205-221 — اعداد: 1 — نشرونه لخوا د: Geological Society Special Publication — https://dx.doi.org/10.1144/GSL.SP.2001.190.01.14
  2. ↑ https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/planets/earth/by-the-numbers/
  3. ↑ https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/ — د نشر نېټه: ۱۹ اپرېل ۲۰۲۳
  4. ↑ پیوستون : 6295630  — منښتلیک: Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported
  5. ↑ All astronomical quantities vary, both secularly and periodically. The quantities given are the values at the instant J2000.0 of the secular variation, ignoring all periodic variations.
  6. ↑ ۶٫۰ ۶٫۱ aphelion = a × (1 + e); perihelion = a × (1 – e), where a is the semi-major axis and e is the eccentricity. The difference between Earth's perihelion and aphelion is 5 million kilometers.
  7. ↑ ۷٫۰ ۷٫۱ Simon, J.L.; Bretagnon, P.; Chapront, J.; Chapront-Touzé, M.; Francou, G.; Laskar, J. (February 1994). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Numerical expressions for precession formulae and mean elements for the Moon and planets"]. Astronomy and Astrophysics 282 (2): 663–83. Bibcode: 1994A&A...282..663S. 
  8. ↑ ۸٫۰ ۸٫۱
  9. ↑ ۹٫۰ ۹٫۱ ۹٫۲ ۹٫۳ ۹٫۴ ۹٫۵ ۹٫۶ ۹٫۷ ۹٫۸ Williams, David R. (16 March 2017). "Earth Fact Sheet". NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۶ جولای ۲۰۱۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  10. ↑ Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. د کتاب پاڼې 294. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-387-98746-0. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۳ مارچ ۲۰۱۱. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  11. ↑ "UCS Satellite Database". Nuclear Weapons & Global Security. Union of Concerned Scientists. 10 August 2018. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۷ سپټمبر ۲۰۱۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  12. ↑ As of 4 January 2018, the United States Strategic Command tracked a total of 18,835 artificial objects, mostly debris. See: Anz-Meador, Phillip; Shoots, Debi, eds (February 2018). "Satellite Box Score". Orbital Debris Quarterly News 22 (1): 12. https://orbitaldebris.jsc.nasa.gov/quarterly-news/pdfs/odqnv22i1.pdf. Retrieved 18 April 2018. 
  13. ↑ Lide, David R. (2000). David R. Lide (المحرر). Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (الطبعة 81st). CRC. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-8493-0481-1. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  14. ↑ "Selected Astronomical Constants, 2011". The Astronomical Almanac. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۲۶ اگسټ ۲۰۱۳ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۵ فبروري ۲۰۱۱. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  15. ↑ ۱۵٫۰ ۱۵٫۱ World Geodetic System (WGS-84). Available online from National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency.
  16. ↑ Cazenave, Anny (1995). "Geoid, Topography and Distribution of Landforms" (PDF). In Ahrens, Thomas J (المحرر). Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Global Earth Physics: A Handbook of Physical Constants. Washington, DC: American Geophysical Union. Bibcode:1995geph.conf.....A. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-87590-851-9. د اصلي (PDF) آرشيف څخه پر ۱۶ اکتوبر ۲۰۰۶ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۳ اگسټ ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  17. ↑ International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) Working Group (2004). "General Definitions and Numerical Standards" (PDF). In McCarthy, Dennis D.; Petit, Gérard (المحررون). IERS Conventions (2003 (PDF). IERS Technical Note No. 32. Dennis D. McCarthy, Gérard Petit, IERS Convertions Centre. Frankfurt am Main: Verlag des Bundesamts für Kartographie und Geodäsie. د کتاب پاڼې 12. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-3-89888-884-4. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۹ اپرېل ۲۰۱۶. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  18. ↑ Humerfelt, Sigurd (26 October 2010). "How WGS 84 defines Earth". د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۲۴ اپرېل ۲۰۱۱ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۹ اپرېل ۲۰۱۱. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  19. ↑ Earth's circumference is almost exactly 40,000 km because the metre was calibrated on this measurement—more specifically, 1/10-millionth of the distance between the poles and the equator.
  20. ↑ Pidwirny, Michael (2 February 2006). Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents.(Table 8o-1). University of British Columbia, Okanagan. http://www.physicalgeography.net/fundamentals/8o.html. Retrieved 26 November 2007. 
  21. ↑ Staff (24 July 2008). "World". The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۰۵ جنوري ۲۰۱۰ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۵ اگسټ ۲۰۰۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  22. ↑ Due to natural fluctuations, ambiguities surrounding ice shelves, and mapping conventions for vertical datums, exact values for land and ocean coverage are not meaningful. Based on data from the Vector Map and Global Landcover Archived 2015-03-26 at the Wayback Machine. datasets, extreme values for coverage of lakes and streams are 0.6% and 1.0% of Earth's surface. The ice shields of Antarctica and Greenland are counted as land, even though much of the rock that supports them lies below sea level.
  23. ↑ Luzum, Brian; Capitaine, Nicole; Fienga, Agnès; Folkner, William; Fukushima, Toshio et al. (August 2011). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "The IAU 2009 system of astronomical constants: The report of the IAU working group on numerical standards for Fundamental Astronomy"]. Celestial Mechanics and Dynamical Astronomy 110 (4): 293–304. doi:10.1007/s10569-011-9352-4. Bibcode: 2011CeMDA.110..293L. 
  24. ↑ The international system of units (SI) (PDF) (الطبعة 2008). United States Department of Commerce, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 330. د کتاب پاڼې 52. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  25. ↑ Williams, James G. (1994). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Contributions to the Earth's obliquity rate, precession, and nutation"]. The Astronomical Journal 108: 711. doi:10.1086/117108. ISSN 0004-6256. Bibcode: 1994AJ....108..711W. 
  26. ↑ Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer. د کتاب پاڼې 296. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-387-98746-0. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۷ اگسټ ۲۰۱۰. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  27. ↑ Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox, Arthur N. (2000). Arthur N. Cox (المحرر). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities (الطبعة 4th). New York: AIP Press. د کتاب پاڼې 244. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-0-387-98746-0. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۷ اگسټ ۲۰۱۰. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  28. ↑ "World: Lowest Temperature". WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۱۶ جون ۲۰۱۰ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۷ اگسټ ۲۰۱۰. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  29. ↑ (په 10 December 2009 باندې). Global average temperature may hit record level in 2010. BBC
  30. ↑ "World: Highest Temperature". WMO Weather and Climate Extremes Archive. Arizona State University. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۰۴ جنوري ۲۰۱۳ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۷ اگسټ ۲۰۱۰. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  31. ↑ "Trends in Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide: Recent Global [[:کينډۍ:Chem2]] Trend". Earth System Research Laboratory. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 26 July 2018. مؤرشف من الأصل في ۲۶ جولای ۲۰۱۸. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة); وصلة إنترويكي مضمنة في URL العنوان (مساعدة)
  32. ↑ Simek, Rudolf. Trans. Angela Hall as Dictionary of Northern Mythology, p. 179. D.S. Brewer, 2007. کينډۍ:ISBN.
  33. ↑ "earth, n.¹". Oxford English Dictionary (الطبعة 3). Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. 2010. doi:10.1093/acref/9780199571123.001.0001. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 9780199571123. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  34. ↑ The New Oxford Dictionary of English, 1st ed. "earth". Oxford University Press (Oxford), 1998. کينډۍ:ISBN.
  35. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  36. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  37. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  38. ↑ "Telluric". Lexico. Oxford English Dictionary. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۳۱ مارچ ۲۰۲۱ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۷ نومبر ۲۰۲۰. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  39. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  40. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  41. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  42. ↑ کينډۍ:OED
  43. ↑ Righter, K.; Schonbachler, M. (7 May 2018). "Ag Isotopic Evolution of the Mantle During Accretion: New Constraints from Pd and Ag Metal-Silicate Partitioning". Differentiation: Building the Internal Architecture of Planets 2084: 4034. Bibcode: 2018LPICo2084.4034R. https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20180002991. Retrieved 25 October 2020. 
  44. ↑ Meier, M. M. M.; Reufer, A.; Wieler, R. (4 August 2014). "On the origin and composition of Theia: Constraints from new models of the Giant Impact". Icarus 242: 5. doi:10.1016/j.icarus.2014.08.003. Bibcode: 2014Icar..242..316M. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1410/1410.3819.pdf. Retrieved 25 October 2020. 
  45. ↑ Claeys, Philippe; Morbidelli, Alessandro (2011). "Late Heavy Bombardment". In Gargaud, Muriel; Amils, Prof Ricardo; Quintanilla, José Cernicharo; Cleaves II, Henderson James (Jim); Irvine, William M.; Pinti, Prof Daniele L.; Viso, Michel (المحررون). Encyclopedia of Astrobiology. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. د کتاب پاڼي 909–12. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-11274-4_869. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 978-3-642-11271-3. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  46. ↑ Tartèse, Romain; Anand, Mahesh; Gattacceca, Jérôme; Joy, Katherine H.; Mortimer, James I.; Pernet-Fisher, John F.; Russell, Sara; Snape, Joshua F. et al. (2019). [اصطلاحي تېروتنه: د ناپېژندلې ليکنښې لوښه "۱". "Constraining the Evolutionary History of the Moon and the Inner Solar System: A Case for New Returned Lunar Samples"] (in en). Space Science Reviews 215 (8): 54. doi:10.1007/s11214-019-0622-x. ISSN 1572-9672. Bibcode: 2019SSRv..215...54T. 
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