تېلوګو

تېلوگو
Native to	هند; ټوله نړۍ کې تیت و پرک
سيمې	اندرا پردېش, تېلنگانا, یانم and neighbouring states
نسل	تېلوگو وگړي
Native speakers	L2 speakers: ca. 5 million (1997–1999)
ژبې کورنۍ	Dravidian Southern South-Central تېلوگو ژبه تېلوگو
ليکنې نظام	Telugu alphabet (Brahmic) Telugu Braille
رسمي حالت
رسمي ژبه په	هند in the following states and union territories: اندرا پردېش تېلنگانا یانم
د ژبې کوډونه
آيسو 639-1	te
آيسو 639-2	tel
آيسو 639-3	tel
Glottolog	telu1262  (Telugu) oldt1249  (Old Telugu)
Distribution of native Telugu speakers in India (as of 1961)

تېلوگو (English pronunciation: /ˈtɛlʊɡuː/; తెలుగు تېلوگو, کينډۍ:IPA-te) یوه [[ډراوېډین ژبه|ډراوېډین ژبه ده چې له هندي, انگلیسي اوبنگالي پرته بله ژبه ده چې د هند له یوه څخه په زیاتو ایالتونو کې پرې خبرې کېږي.,کينډۍ:Cn being the primary language in اندرا پردېش او تېلنگا, او د یانام ښار کې چېرې چې دا ژبه رسمي منل شوې ده. Telugu ranks third by the number of native speakers in India (74 million) (2001 Census), thirteenth in the Ethnologue list of most-spoken languages worldwide and is the most widely spoken Dravidian language. It is one of the twenty-two scheduled languages of the Republic of India.

پېښلیک

د روسي ژبپوه انډرونوف په وینا چې تېلوگو ژبه د پروټو-ډراوېډین ژبو څخه د 1500–1000 BC کلونو ترمنځ رابېله شوې ده.

Muslim rule

With the exception of Coastal Andhra, a distinct dialect developed in the Telangana State and the Rayalaseema region due to Muslim influence: Sultanate rule under the Tughlaq dynasty had been established earlier in the northern Deccan during the 14th century. In the latter half of the 17th century, Muslim rule extended further south, culminating in the establishment of the princely state of Hyderabad by the Asaf Jah dynasty in 1724. This heralded an era of Persian/Arabic influence on the Telugu language, especially among the people of Hyderabad. The effect is also evident in the prose of the early 19th century, as in the Kaifiyats.

In the princely state of Nizam, Andhra Jana Sangham was started in 1921 with the main intention of promoting Telugu language, literature, its books and historical research led by Suravaram Pratapareddy, Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Komarraju Venkata Lakshmana Rao and others.

Phonology

Telugu words generally end in vowels. In Old Telugu, this was absolute; in the modern language m, n, y, w may end a word. Atypically for a Dravidian language, voiced consonants were distinctive even in the oldest recorded form of the language. Sanskrit loans have introduced aspirated and murmured consonants as well.

Telugu does not have contrastive stress, and speakers vary on where they perceive stress. Most judge it to be on the penultimate or final syllable, depending on word and vowel length.

Vowels

Telugu features a form of vowel harmony wherein the second vowel in disyllabic noun and adjective roots alters whether the first vowel is tense or lax. Also, if the second vowel is open (i.e. /aː/ or /a/), then the first vowel will be more open and centralized (e.g. [mɛːka] 'goat', as opposed to [meːku] 'nail'). Telugu words also have vowels in inflectional suffixes harmonized with the vowels of the preceding syllable.

Vowels – అచ్చులు acchulu
ఇ i	ఈ iː			ఉ u	ఊ uː
ఎ e	ఏ eː			ఒ o	ఓ oː
	æː	అ a	ఆ aː

/æː/ only occurs in loan words.

Telugu has two diphthongs: ఐ [ai] and ఔ [au].

Consonants

The table below illustrates the articulation of the consonants.

Telugu consonants

		Bilabial	Labiodental	Denti- alveolar	Retroflex	"Palatal"	Velar
Plosive	tenuis	/p/ ప pa		/t̪/ త ta	/ʈ/ ట ṭa	/t͡ʃ/ చ ca	/k/ క ka
	voiced	/b/ బ ba		/d̪/ ద da	/ɖ/ డ ḍa	/d͡ʒ/ జ ja	/ɡ/ గ ga
	aspirated*	/pʰ/ ఫ pha			/ʈʰ/ ఠ ṭha	/t͡ʃʰ/ ఛ cha	/kʰ/ ఖ kha
	breathy voiced*	/bʱ/ భ bha		/d̪ʱ/ ధ dha	/ɖʱ/ ఢ ḍha	/d͡ʒʱ/ ఝ jha	/ɡʱ/ ఘ gha
Nasal		/m/ మ ma		/n̪/ న na	/ɳ/ ణ ṇa
Fricative*			/f/	/s̪/ స sa	/ʂ/ ష ṣa	/ɕ/ శ śa	/x/ హ ha
Approximant	central		/ʋ/ వ va			/j/ య ya
	lateral			/l̪/ ల la	/ɭ/ ళ ḷa
Flap				/r̪/

*The aspirated and breathy-voiced consonants occur mostly in loan words, as do the fricatives apart from native /s̪/.

Grammar

آرنۍ ليکنه: Telugu grammar

The Telugu Grammar is called vyākaranam (వ్యాకరణం).

The first treatise on Telugu grammar, the Andhra Sabda Chintamani was written in Sanskrit by Nannayya, considered the first Telugu poet and translator, in the 11th century A.D. This grammar followed the patterns which existed in grammatical treatises like Aṣṭādhyāyī and Vālmīkivyākaranam but unlike Pāṇini, Nannayya divided his work into five chapters, covering samjnā, sandhi, ajanta, halanta and kriya. Every Telugu grammatical rule is derived from Pāṇinian concepts.

In the 19th century, Chinnaya Suri wrote a simplified work on Telugu grammar called Bāla Vyākaranam by borrowing concepts and ideas from Nannayya's grammar.

Sentence	రాము బడికి వెళ్తాడు.
Words	రాము	బడికి	వెళ్తాడు.
Transliteration	rāmu	baḍiki	veḷtāḍu
Gloss	Ramu	to school	goes.
Parts	Subject	Object	Verb
Translation	Ramu goes to school.

Vocabulary

Sanskrit influenced Telugu of Andhra and Telangana regions, for about 1500 years, however, there are evidences which suggest older origin of the influence. During 1000–1100 AD, Nannaya's re-writing of the Mahābhārata in Telugu (మహాభారతము) re-established its use, and it dominated over the royal language, Sanskrit. Telugu absorbed tatsamas from Sanskrit.

The vocabulary of Telugu, especially in Telangana state, has a trove of Persian-Arabic borrowings, which have been modified to fit Telugu phonology. This was due to centuries of Muslim rule in these regions, such as the erstwhile kingdoms of Golkonda and Hyderabad. (e.g. కబురు, /kaburu/ for Urdu /xabar/, خبر or జవాబు, /dʒavaːbu/ for Urdu /dʒawɑːb/, جواب)

Modern Telugu vocabulary can be said to constitute a diglossia, because the formal, standardized version of the language is lexically Sanskrit or is heavily influenced by Sanskrit, is taught in schools and used by the government and Hindu religious institutions. However, everyday Telugu varies depending upon region and social status.

لیکنې سېسټم

The name Telugu written in the Telugu script

آرنۍ ليکنه: Telugu script

تېلوگو ژبه له کیڼ څخه ښي اړخ ته لیکل کېږي.

د شمېرو سېسټم

تېلوگو ژبه خپله شمېرنې حساب لري چې په لاندې توگه ښودل کېږي. له دې سره سره دا شمېرې په عمومي توگه نه کارول کېږي.

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
0	౧	౨	౩	౪	౫	౬	౭	౮	౯
sunna (Telugu form of Sanskrit word śūnyam)	okati	rendu	moodu	naalugu	aidu	aaru	yedu	enimidi	tommidi

ابیڅي

د تېلوگو ابیڅي له ۶۰ سېمبولونو-۱۶ غږیزو، ۳ غږیز تعدیل کوونکی او ۴۱ بې غږه توري لري. سانسکرېټي او تېلوگو ابیڅي ډېر سره ورته دي. Some are introduced to express fine shades of difference in sounds.

Consonants – hallulu (హల్లులు)

Telugu Gunintalu:
క కా కి కీ కు కూ కృ కౄ కె కే కై కొ కో కౌ క్ కం కః
ఖ ఖా ఖి ఖీ ఖు ఖూ ఖృ ఖౄ ఖె ఖే ఖై ఖొ ఖో ఖౌ ఖ్ ఖం ఖః

دا هم وگورئ

• تېلوگو وگړي
• تېلوگو گرامر
• List of Indian languages by total speakers
• List of Telugu-language television channels
• States of India by Telugu speakers
• Telugu language policy

د کتابونو لړ

• Albert Henry Arden, A Progressive Grammar of the Telugu Language (1873).
• Charles Philip Brown, English–Telugu dictionary (1852; revised ed. 1903; online edition)
• Charles Philip Brown, A Grammar of the Telugu Language (1857)
• P. Percival, Telugu–English dictionary: with the Telugu words printed in the Roman as well as in the Telugu Character (1862, google books edition)
• Gwynn, J. P. L. (John Peter Lucius). A Telugu–English Dictionary Delhi; New York: Oxford University Press (1991; online edition).
• Uwe Gustafsson, An Adiwasi Oriya–Telugu–English dictionary, Central Institute of Indian Languages Dictionary Series, 6. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Language (1989).
• Vēlcēru Nārāyaṇarāvu, David Dean Shulman, Velcheru Narayana Rao, Classical Telugu Poetry: An Anthology (2002).
• Callā Rādhākr̥ṣṇaśarma, Landmarks in Telugu Literature: A Short Survey of Telugu Literature (1975).
• Wilkinson, Robert W. (1974). [ "Tense/lax vowel harmony in Telugu: The influence of derived contrast on rule application"]. Linguistic Inquiry 5 (2): 251–270کينډۍ:Inconsistent citations 

بهرنی تړن

• د تېلوگو ژبې زده کړې سرچینې
• پرلیکه انگلیسي-تېلوگو ډېکشنري
• 'تېلوگو-انگلیسي' او 'انگلیسي-تېلوگو' ډېکشنري
• Dictionary of mixed Telugu By Charles Philip Brown
• Origins of Telugu Script
• Online English – Telugu dictionary portal which includes many popular dictionaries
• Telugu literature online
• English–Telugu Dictionary