وېليم شېکسپيير
ويليم شكسپير (۲۶اپرېل ۱۵۶۴م زېږدي ـ ۲۳ اپرېل ۱۶۱۶م زېږدي)(په انگرېزي: William Shakespear) يو انگرېز شاعر ، ننداره لیکوال او لوبگر و . په لويه کچه د انگرېزي ژبې تر ټولو تکړه او مخکښ لیکوال گڼل شوی او بې جوړې د نندارو لیکوال او لوبگر هم و .دی تر ډېره د انگلنډ ملي شاعر گڼل کېږي او ورته د "Bard of Avon" ستاينوم هم ورپه برخه شوی دا ځکه چې دی د سټرټفورډ په سیمه زېږېدلی او ماغه ځای کې خښ دی . د ښاغلي شکسپيير تر ټولو ډېره ونډه په ننداره لیکوالي کې ده او د عمر لويه برخه یې لوبگرۍ کې تېره شوې چې د نندارو لیکنې لمخې یې ۳۸ په بر کې نیسي . د ۱۵۴ پورې لنډ او بې سرلیکه شعرونه ترې پاتې دي او برسېره پر هغو دوه قصيده یي شعرونه يې هم لیکلي دي ، او څو لیکنې هم ترې گڼل کېږي چې د کښلو لیکلو مودې یې ندي مالومې . د ويليم شکسپيير نندارې د نړۍ ژونديو ژبو ته ژباړل شوي او تمثیل شوي . ويليم شکسپیير په سټرټفورډ ـ اپون ـ اېوان کې زېږېدلی او لوی شوی . د ۱۸ کالو په عمر هغه د ٫ان هيداوې، سره واده وکړ . ان هيداوې څخه یې درې ماشومان راوړل : سوسانه او دوه غبرگولي هېمنټ او جوډيت . شکسپيير د ۱۵۸۵ م زېږدي او ۱۵۹۲م زېږدي کالونو تر منځ يې د لوبگر ، لیکوال او په لندن کې د لوبگرۍ د کمپنۍ چې نوم یې د لارډ چمبرلېن سړي يادېده په برخې لرلو سره خپل کار په بريالیتوب سره پیل کړ . وروسته یې د کمپنۍ نوم د پاچا سړي ته واړاؤه . داسې ښکاري چې په کال ۱۶۱۳م زېږدي کې د سټرټفورډ په ښار کې د ۴۹ په عمر په کور کېناست چې وروسته له درې کالو مړ شو . د شکسپيير د ځاني ژوند ځینې داسې بېلگې پاتې شوي چې د ځینو مسايلو په څرگندونه کې شکونه راولاړوي ، د بېلگې په توگه د هغه د پږنیز حالت او ظاهري اړخ ، جنسي حالت ، دیني گروهې چې مالومات یې ناڅرگند دي او داسې هم ښايي چې د هغه څخه پاتې نښېرونو کې د نورو لیکوالانو ونډې هم شاملې وي . د شکسپيير تر ټولو ډېر مشهوره کښنې له ۱۵۸۹ زېږدي څخه تر ۱۶۱۳م زېږدي پورې د يادولو وړ دي . د هغه په لومړنيو نندارو کې خندنيز ځېل او تاريخي ځېل ډېر ځلېد ه چې د هغه په کارونو کې تر ټولو مخکښه ځېلونه همدغه يادېږي . وروسته یې تراژیدي ځېل ته مخه کړه چې تر ۱۶۰۸م زېږدي پورې يې همدې ځېل باندې آزمويښتونه کول . دغه ځینې بېلگې یې لکه : هېملېټ ، کنگ ليېر ، اوتېلو او ماکبېت په انگرېزي ژبه کې تر ټولو ښکلي بېلگې گڼل کېږي . د شکسپيير د ژوندپه پای پړاؤ کې ده په تراژیده ـ خندني ځېل کښنې کړي چې رومانس ځېل په نوم هم نومېږي او پدغه ځېل کې یې ورسره د نورو لیکوالو گډکار برېښي . د شکسپيير ډېری چاپي نښېرونه د هغه په ژوند کې په رازو رازو کيفيتي ټوکونو راوتلي دي . په ۱۶۲۳م زېږدي کې جان هېمنگېز او هنري کونډېل په نوم د شکسپيير دوه نژدو ملگرو او لوبگره ملکارانو یې د First Folio (فرسټ فوليو) په نوم یې ټولې ننداريزې په يو ټوک کې د شکسپيير په نوم خپرې کړې خو وروسته بيا څرگند شول چې په هغو کې يوازې دوه ننداريزې د شکسپيير وې . د هغه په پیليزې یې د بېن جانسن په نوم يو شعر چاپ شوی چې په شعر کې يې د شکسپيير ستاینه کړې ده او ورسره یې داسې وړانديز کړی چې د ٫٫ د عمر ځانگړي پير لپاره نه ، خو د ټول عمر لپاره،، . د شکسپيير اثار په ۲۰مې پېړۍ او ۲۱تمې پېړۍ کې بيا بيا را اخيستل شوي او د نويو خوځښتنو لخوا نندارو کې او د علمي بورسونو لپاره وړاندې شوي . همدارنگه د ژباړو له لارې نورو کولتورونو کې بيا اړول شوي او په سیاسي توگه یې مفهومونه په نړۍ کې په نورو ډولونو اخيستل شوي .
مخینه
ویليم شکسپيير د جان شکسپيير ځوی و . جان شکسپيير د خپل د سیمې د جرگې غړی و او د لاسپېلو جوړولو چاره کې ډېر بريالی کارپوه و . د شکسپيير مور مېري آرډن نومېده چې د يوه مالداره نوموتي بزگر لور وه . د شکسپيير پلار د سنټرفیلډ پورې تړاؤ درلود . پخپله شکسپيير په سټرېټفورډ ـ اپون ـ اېوان کې ښايي د اپرېل په ۲۳مه کال ۱۵۶۴م زېږدي کې زېږېدلی و خو اصلي زېږون نېټه یې نده مالومه . د زېږېدو نېټه یې د اتلسمې پېړۍ پورې تړل شوې چې د ژوندلیک لیکونکو لخوا تېروتنه گڼل شوې ځکه چې د هغه د مړینې نېټه ۲۳ اپرېل ۱۶۱۶م زېږدي کال بلل شوی . شکسپيير د خپل د پلار په اتو ماشومانو کې ېې درېيم مشر ځوی و.
لندن او ننداريزه مخینه
پاتې ژوند او مړینه
زده کړې
ډېری ژوندلیک لیکونکي د شکسپيير زده کړې د کنگز نيو سکول ښوونځي کې گڼي چې په سټرېټفورډ سیمه کې و .
نندارې او ډرامې
شعرونه
سونېټس (بې نومه لنډ شعرونه)
ډول یې
په نورو یې اغېزې
ناندره ییزه لړۍ
د شکسپيير په هکله گڼنیزه شکونه
د نندارو ټولگه ییزې يې
زېرمه لیکنې
باندنۍ تړنې
سرچینې
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has generic name (help). - Steiner, George (1996), The Death of Tragedy, New Haven: Yale University Press, ISBN 0-300-06916-2.
- Taylor, Gary (1990), Reinventing Shakespeare: A Cultural History from the Restoration to the Present, London: Hogarth Press, ISBN 0-7012-0888-0.
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- Wain, John (1975), Samuel Johnson, New York: Viking, ISBN 0-670-61671-0.
- Wells, Stanley; Taylor, Gary; Jowett, John; Montgomery, William, eds. (2005), The Oxford Shakespeare: The Complete Works (2nd ed.), Oxford: Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-926717-0
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suggested) (help). - Wells, Stanley (1997), Shakespeare: A Life in Drama, New York: W. W. Norton, ISBN 0-393-31562-2.
- Wells, Stanley (2006), Shakespeare & Co, New York: Pantheon, ISBN 0-375-42494-6.
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- Werner, Sarah (2001), Shakespeare and Feminist Performance, London: Routledge, ISBN 0-415-22729-1.
- Wilson, Richard (2004), Secret Shakespeare: Studies in Theatre, Religion and Resistance, Manchester: Manchester University Press, ISBN 0-7190-7024-4.
- Wood, Manley, ed. (1806), The Plays of William Shakespeare with Notes of Various Commentators, vol. I, London: George Kearsley, بياځلي په 27 December 2013
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has generic name (help)CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link). - Wood, Michael (2003), Shakespeare, New York: Basic Books, ISBN 0-465-09264-0.
- Wright, George T. (2004), "The Play of Phrase and Line", in McDonald, Russ (ed.), Shakespeare: An Anthology of Criticism and Theory, 1945–2000, Oxford: Blackwell, ISBN 0-631-23488-8.
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