د انوشتکین لړۍ

د انوشتکین لړۍ یا انوشتکینیان (په انګریزي: /ænuʃtəˈɡinid/، په فارسي: خاندان انوشتکین) چې همدارنګه د خوارزمیانو د لړۍ (په فارسي: خوارزمشاهیان) په نوم پېژندل کېږي؛ د فارس ترکي ملکانو ته اړونده د سني مسلمانانو لړۍ وه چې ریښه یې د اوغوز ترکي بکتلي قبیلې ته اړوندېږي. د انوشتکینیانو لړۍ له شاوخوا ۱۰۷۷ زکال څخه تر ۱۲۳۱ زکال پورې د خوارزمیانو په سترواکۍ واکمني وکړه چې د نن ورځې د مرکزي آسیا پریمانه برخې، افغانستان او ایران په کې شامل و. دوی په پیل کې د سلجوقیانو او قراختاییانو د ځای ناستو په توګه په حکومتولۍ پیل وکړ او وروسته یې تر هغه مهاله د خپلواکو واکمنانو په توګه واکمني وکړه کله چې مغولانو د ۱۳مې پېړۍ پر مهال د خوارزمیانو سترواکي ونیوله. ^[۱]^[۲]^[۳]^[۴]^[۵]^[۶]^[۷]^[۸]^[۹]^[۱۰]

دغه لړۍ د انوشتکین غرچه له خوا رامنځته شوه چې د سلجوقي پاچاهانو پخوانی ترک غلام و چې بیا د خوارزم د والي په توګه وټاکل شو. د هغه زوی لومړی قطب الدین محمد، د خوارزم لومړنی میراثي پاچا شو. انوشتکین کېدای شي د اوغوز ترکمنانو بکتي قبیلې او یا هم چګل، خلج، قبچاق، قنکلي یا اویغور قبیلې ته اړوند وي. ^[۱۱]^[۱۲]^[۱۳]=

تاریخچه[سمول]

د خوارزمیانو د لړۍ د تاسیس نېټه تر اوسه د بحث موضوع ده. په ۱۰۱۷زکال کې د پاڅون پر مهال خوارزمي پاڅون کوونکو ابوالعباس مامون او د هغه میرمن حوره-جي چې د غزنوي واکمن سلطان محمود خور وه، ووژل. د دغې چارې په غبرګون کې سلطان محمود په خوارزم برید وکړ او د ناسا، رباط او فراوه په ګډون یې ترې یو شمېر برخې ونیولې. په پایله کې خوارزم له ۱۰۱۷ زکال څخه تر ۱۰۳۴ زکال پورې د غزنوي سترواکۍ ولایت وګرځېد. په ۱۰۷۷ زکال کې د دغه ولایت واکمني چې د ۱۰۴۲ یا ۱۰۴۳ زکال را وروسته سلجوقیانو ته اړونده وه د سلجوقي واکمن پخواني ترک غلام، انوشتکین قرچه ته په لاس ورغله. په ۱۱۴۱ زکال کې سلجوقي واکمن احمد سنجر د قطوان په جګړه کې د قراختاییانو له خوا ماته وخوړه او په دې سره د انوشتکین لمسی علاالدین آتسز د قراختايي واکمن یلو داشي غلام شو. ^[۱۴]^[۱۵]^[۱۶]

سلطان احمد سنجر په ۱۱۵۶ زکال کې ومړ. د ګډوډیو په رامنځته کېدو سره د سلجوقیانو واکمني وپاشل شوه او خوارزمشاهانو د سویل پر لور خپل قلمرونه زیات کړل. په ۱۱۹۴ زکال کې د سلجوقي سترواکۍ وروستي سترواک دریم طغرل د خوارزمي حاکم علاالدین تکیش له خوا چې د خراسان یو شمېر برخې او د فارس لویدیځ برخه یې نیولې وه، ماته وخوړه او ووژل شو. تکیش په ۱۲۰۰ زکال کې ومړ او زوی یې علاالدین محمد د هغه ځای ناستی شو، هغه له غوریانو سره جګړه پیل کړه خو غوریانو ورته د اموسیند په اوږدو کې ماته ورکړه (۱۲۰۴ زکال). د خوارزم له نیول کېدو وروسته محمد د قراختاییانو له ارباب څخه مرسته وغوښته او هغه ورته یو لښکر ولېږه. د دغې مرستې پر مټ محمد په هزار اسپ جګړه (۱۲۰۴ زکال) کې پر غوریانو بریالی شو او هغوی یې اړ کړل له خوارزم څخه ووزي. ^[۱۷]^[۱۸]

له قراختاییانو سره د علاالدین محمد ائتلاف لنډ مهالی و. هغه بیا جګړې ته مخه کړه او دا ځل یې د قراخانیانو په مرسته د قراختاییانو لښکر ته په تالاس کې ماته ورکړه (۱۲۱۰ زکال)، خو اجازه یې ورکړه قراختاییان سمرقند ونیسي (۱۲۱۰ زکال). هغه په ۱۲۱۲ زکال کې قراخانیان او په ۱۲۱۵ زکال کې غوریان له واکه وغورځول. په ۱۲۱۲ زکال کې نوموړي د خپلې واکمنۍ پلازمېنه له ګرګانج څخه سمرقند ته بدله کړه. په دې توګه نوموړي نږدې ټول ماوراالنهر او افغانستان په خپله سترواکۍ کې شامل کړ؛ تر ۱۲۱۷ زکال پورې یې د فارس لویدیځ لوري ته د فتوحاتو له امله له سیر سیند څخه تر زاګروس غرونو او د هندوکش له شمالي برخو څخه تر کسپین (خزر) سیند پورې ټولې سیمې په خپلې سترواکۍ کې شاملې کړې. په ۱۲۱۸ زکال کې د دغې سترواکۍ د وګړو شمېر پنځه میلیونو کسانو ته ورسېد. ^[۱۹]^[۲۰]^[۲۱]^[۲۲]

سرچينې[سمول]

↑ C. E. Bosworth: Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."
↑ Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"
↑ "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)". [۱]
↑ Negmatov, B. M. "ABOUT THE ARMY OF STATE OF JALOLIDDIN KHOREZMSHAH." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2, no. 09 (2021): 13-18. p.16. “The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs. It is natural, therefore, that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe”
↑ Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi. "Hârezmşâh Hükümdarlarına Ait Farsça Şiirler/The Persian Poems of Khwārizmshāh Rulers." Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2: 25-51. “The Khwārizmshāh rulers, descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz’s”
↑ Ata, Aysu. Harezm-Altın Ordu Türkçesi. Turkey: Mehmet Ölmez, 2002. p.11. “Anuştigin Garçai , Reşidü'd - din'in Cāmi'ü't - tevāriņ'ine göre Oğuzların Begdili boyuna mensuptur”
↑ Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; کينډۍ:ISBN
↑ C. E. Bosworth, "Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhsکينډۍ:Which lang." (LINK)
↑ Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.
↑ Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
↑ Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)
↑ C.E. Bosworth "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, (LINK)
↑ Fazlallakh, Rashid ad-Din (1987). Oghuznameh (in Russian). Baku. Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237.
↑ C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, 237.
↑ Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.
↑ Rene, Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.
↑ Rene, Grousset, 168.
↑ Rene, Grousset, 169.
↑ Rene, Grousset, 234.
↑ Rene, Grousset, 237.
↑ John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", 6 Feb. 2007. Page 180.

[Iranica-1] C. E. Bosworth: Khwarazmshahs i. Descendants of the line of Anuštigin. In Encyclopaedia Iranica, online ed., 2009: "Little specific is known about the internal functioning of the Khwarazmian state, but its bureaucracy, directed as it was by Persian officials, must have followed the Saljuq model. This is the impression gained from the various Khwarazmian chancery and financial documents preserved in the collections of enšāʾdocuments and epistles from this period. The authors of at least three of these collections—Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ (d. 1182-83 or 1187-88), with his two collections of rasāʾel, and Bahāʾ-al-Din Baḡdādi, compiler of the important Ketāb al-tawaṣṣol elā al-tarassol—were heads of the Khwarazmian chancery. The Khwarazmshahs had viziers as their chief executives, on the traditional pattern, and only as the dynasty approached its end did ʿAlāʾ-al-Din Moḥammad in ca. 615/1218 divide up the office amongst six commissioners (wakildārs; see Kafesoğlu, pp. 5-8, 17; Horst, pp. 10-12, 25, and passim). Nor is much specifically known of court life in Gorgānj under the Khwarazmshahs, but they had, like other rulers of their age, their court eulogists, and as well as being a noted stylist, Rašid-al-Din Vaṭvāṭ also had a considerable reputation as a poet in Persian."

[2] Homa Katouzian, "Iranian history and politics", Published by Routledge, 2003. pg 128: "Indeed, since the formation of the Ghaznavids state in the tenth century until the fall of Qajars at the beginning of the twentieth century, most parts of the Iranian cultural regions were ruled by Turkic-speaking dynasties most of the time. At the same time, the official language was Persian, the court literature was in Persian, and most of the chancellors, ministers, and mandarins were Persian speakers of the highest learning and ability"

[3] "Persian Prose Literature." World Eras. 2002. HighBeam Research. (3 September 2012);"Princes, although they were often tutored in Arabic and religious subjects, frequently did not feel as comfortable with the Arabic language and preferred literature in Persian, which was either their mother tongue—as in the case of dynasties such as the Saffarids (861–1003), Samanids (873–1005), and Buyids (945–1055)—or was a preferred lingua franca for them—as with the later Turkish dynasties such as the Ghaznawids (977–1187) and Saljuks (1037–1194)". [۱]

[4] Negmatov, B. M. "ABOUT THE ARMY OF STATE OF JALOLIDDIN KHOREZMSHAH." CURRENT RESEARCH JOURNAL OF PEDAGOGICS 2, no. 09 (2021): 13-18. p.16. “The Khorezmshahs belonged to the Bekdili clan of the Oguzs. It is natural, therefore, that their black flag bears the seal of this tribe”

[5] Özgüdenli, Osman Gazi. "Hârezmşâh Hükümdarlarına Ait Farsça Şiirler/The Persian Poems of Khwārizmshāh Rulers." Marmara Türkiyat Araştırmaları Dergisi 2, no. 2: 25-51. “The Khwārizmshāh rulers, descended from the Begdili clan of the Oghuz’s”

[6] Ata, Aysu. Harezm-Altın Ordu Türkçesi. Turkey: Mehmet Ölmez, 2002. p.11. “Anuştigin Garçai , Reşidü'd - din'in Cāmi'ü't - tevāriņ'ine göre Oğuzların Begdili boyuna mensuptur”

[7] Bosworth in Camb. Hist. of Iran, Vol. V, pp. 66 & 93; B.G. Gafurov & D. Kaushik, "Central Asia: Pre-Historic to Pre-Modern Times"; Delhi, 2005; کينډۍ:ISBN

[8] C. E. Bosworth, "Chorasmia ii. In Islamic times" in: Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition: "The governors were often Turkish slave commanders of the Saljuqs; one of them was Anūštigin Ḡaṛčaʾī, whose son Qoṭb-al-Dīn Moḥammad began in 490/1097 what became in effect a hereditary and largely independent line of ḵǰᵛārazmšāhsکينډۍ:Which lang." (LINK)

[9] Rene Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, Transl. Naomi Walford, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 159.

[10] Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian history, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.

[Britannica-11] Encyclopædia Britannica, "Khwarezm-Shah-Dynasty", (LINK)

[clifford-12] C.E. Bosworth "Anuštigin Ĝarčāī", Encyclopaedia Iranica (reference to Turkish scholar Kafesoğlu), v, p. 140, Online Edition, (LINK)

[anush-13] Fazlallakh, Rashid ad-Din (1987). Oghuznameh (in Russian). Baku. Similarly, the most distant ancestor of Sultan Muhammad Khwarazmshah was Nushtekin Gharcha, who was a descendant of the Begdili tribe of the Oghuz family. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[14] C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, (Edinburgh University Press, 1963), 237.

[15] C.E. Bosworth, The Ghaznavids:994-1040, 237.

[16] Biran, Michel, The Empire of the Qara Khitai in Eurasian History, (Cambridge University Press, 2005), 44.

[17] Rene, Grousset, The Empire of the Steppes:A History of Central Asia, (Rutgers University Press, 1991), 168.

[18] Rene, Grousset, 168.

[19] Rene, Grousset, 169.

[20] Rene, Grousset, 234.

[21] Rene, Grousset, 237.

[22] John Man, "Genghis Khan: Life, Death, and Resurrection", 6 Feb. 2007. Page 180.

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