بنجامين بينيکر

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا

بنجامين بينيکر (9 نومبر 1731 – 19 اکتوبر 1806) یو افريقايي الاصله امریکایی طبيعيت پوه، رياضي پوه، ستورپېژندونکی او د کال هندارې (کالنۍ "سالنامه" د کال د تاريخونو او موسم په اړه عمومي معلوماتو جدول) لیکوال و. لکه څنګه چې د ځمکې څښتن و، نوموړي همدا راز د کچ ګر (جريب کش) او کروندګر په توګه  هم کار کړی.

د ميريلينډ د بالتمور په ولسوالۍ کې د ازادو افريقايي الاصله امريکايي مور او پلار کره زېږېدلی و، پلار يې پخوا مريی شوی و، بينيکر يا کم او يا بيخي رسمي زده کړې نه وې کړې، او تر ډېره بريده يې زده کړې خپله کړې وې. نوموړی په يوه سروی کې له « Major Andrew Ellicott» سره د مرستې کولو له امله شهرت لري، کومې سروی چې د متحده ايالاتو د فدرالي پلازمېنې کولمبيا ولسوالۍ اصلي پولې وټاکلې.

د ستورپېژندنې په اړه د بينیکر پوهې له هغه سره مرسته وکړه چې له سوداګريز اړخه د کالهندارو يوه بريالۍ لړۍ ولیکي. نوموړي د مريتوب او توکميزې برابرۍ د موضوعاتو په اړه له «تاماس جيفرسن» سره لیکنې تبادلې کړې. د مريتوب د لغوه کونکو مبارزينو او د توکميزې برابرۍ پلويانو د بينيکر د کارونو ستاينه کړې، او خپاره کړي يې دي. که څه هم د بينيکر د جنازې په ورځ د يوې اور لګېدنې له امله د هغه ډېرې لیکنې او توکي له منځه ولاړل، بيا هم د هغه يو ژورنال او يو شمېر اثار وژغورل شول.

بينيکر له مړينې وروسته يو ولسي اتل وګرځېد، د کوم له امله چې د هغه د ژوند ډېر روايتونه په مبالغې يا ښايست سره وړاندې شول. د نورو ستاينو په څېر، د پارکونو، ښوونځيو او کوڅو نومونه هم د هغه د کارونو يادګارونه دي.[۱]

ژوند ليک[سمول]

د ژوند لومړي کلونه[سمول]

بنجامين بينيکر د 1731ز کال د نومبر په نهمه نېټه د ميريلينډ په بالتيمور ولسوالۍ کې زېږېدلی و، د مور نوم يې «ميري بينيکي» و چې ازاده تور پوستې ښځه وه، د پلار نوم يې «رابرټ» و، چې له مريتوب ازاد کړای شوی و، نوموړی اصلاً د ګينيا و او په 1759ز کال کې مړ شوی و. د بينيکر د کورنۍ د تاريخ په اړه دوه متضاد روايتونه شته.[۲][۳]

بينيکر خپله او د هغه لومړني ژوند ليکونکي وايي چې هغه يوازې افريقايي نسبت درلود. د بينيکر پاتې هېڅ اثار د نوموړي په اړه د سپين پوستي نسبت ښودنه نه کوي، نه د هغه د نيا نوم په ګوته کوي.[۴][۵][۶]

خو وروستنيو ژوند ليکونکو ادعا کړې چې د بينیکر مور د يوې پخوانۍ تور پوستې بې معاشه قراردادي مزدورې «مولي ويلش»، او د «بينيکا» په نوم د يو افريقايي مريي لور وه. د «مولي ويلش» لومړي خپاره شوي معلومات د هغې له زوزات سره په 1836ز کال کې پر شويو مرکو ولاړ دي، کومې مرکې چې د مولي او بنجامين له مړينې ډېر وروسته تر سره شوي دي. د هغې کيسې تر مخې، مولي د بالتيمور په لوېديځ کې، په راتلونکي کې د ميريلينډ د «ايلي کوټ» کارخانو له ځای سره نږدې د يوې کروندې په جوړولو کې د مرستې لپاره «بینیکا» پيرودلی و.[۷][۸][۹][۱۰]

په 2002ز کال کې يو ژوندليکونکي وړانديز وکړ چې شونې ده «بېنيکا» د «ډګن» خلکو غړی و، د چا په اړه چې ګڼو انسان پېژندونکو ادعا کړې چې هغوی د ستورپېژندنې ابتدايي پوهه درلوده (د ډوګن ستورپېژندنې باورونه وګورئ). د اټکل تر مخې مولي بينيکا ازاد کړی او بيا يې ورسره واده کړی، چې شونې ده هغه د ستورپېژندنې په اړه خپله پوهه له هغې سره شريکه کړې وي. دې ژوندليکونکي وړانديز کړی چې بنجامين دا پوهه له «مولي» څخه تر لاسه کړې، ځکه چې بينجامين د بينيکا له مړينې وروسته زېږېدلی و.[۱۱][۱۲]

يو نسب پېژندونکي، چا چې په 2016ز کال کې د بينيکر د کورنۍ د نسب شجرې اړوند تاريخچو د تحليل کولو خبر ورکړی و، د کوم داسې سند په پېژندلو نه و توانيدلی، له کوم څخه چې معلومه شي بينيکر يوه سپين پوستې نيا هم درلوده، خو دا شونتيا يې رد کړې هم نه وه. خو په دې راپور کې ويل شوي و، چې شونې ده د "بينيکر" نوم د بينیکا په څېر اصل درلود، کوم چې د شمال لوېديځې لايبيريا د اوسنۍ بومي سيمې د «کيلي» ولسوالۍ يو کوچنی کلی دی، کوم ځای چې يو وخت د افريقايي مريانو په سوداګرۍ کې ونډه درلوده. په دې نسبت پېژندنه کې د 2021ز کال يو لړ تازه معلوماتو کې ويل شوي چې د بنجامين بینيکر پلار رابرټ، د 1731ز کال د مۍ مياشتې تر اتلسمې نېټې، له ميري ليټ (چې وروسته ميري بينيکا ونومول شوه) سره واده کړی و، څوک چې د يو مريي سره د يوې سپين پوستې ښځې لور وه. په دې تازه معلوماتو کې ويل شوي چې «بناکا» د «وای» خلکو استوګنځای دی، څوک چې دلته له شا اوخوا 1500 څخه راوروسته، د مالي پاچايي له خوشې کولو وروسته اوسېدلي.[۱۳][۱۴][۱۵]

په 1737ز کال کې، د بالتيمور ولسوالۍ په کليوالي سيمه د «پټاپسکو دره» کې د هغه د کورنۍ د سل جريبه (0.40 کيلو متر مربع) کروندې سند د شپږ کلن بينيکر په نوم کړل شو. په 1791ز کال کې يو خط لیکونکي وويل چې د بينیکر مور او پلار هغه يو نامعلوم ښوونځي ته استولی و، چېرته چې هغه لوستل، لیکل او علم حساب تر دويمې درجې زده کړل. په هر حال، د بينيکر د ابتدايي ژوند پاتې برخه په سم ډول نه ده مستنده شوې.[۱۶][۱۷][۱۸][۱۹]

د بينيکر له مړينې 140 کاله وروسته خپرو شويو کتابونو کې تر ټولو لومړي خپاره شوي ناتاييد شوي روايتونه وايي چې بينيکر په تنکۍ ځوانۍ کې له «پيټر هينريچ» سره وکتل، څوک چې د يوې مذهبې ټولنی غړی و، او وروسته يې د بينيکر د کورنۍ له کروندې سره نږدې يو ښوونځی جوړ کړ. (د دې مذهبي ټولنې غړي چې کواکر يادېدل د مريتوب ضد خوځښت مشران او د توکميزې برابرۍ پلويان وو). دا روايتونه روښانه کوي چې «هينريچ» خپل شخصي کتابونه له بينيکر سره شریک کړل او هغه ته يې د خپل يوازيني ټولګي لارښونې وړاندې کړې. د بينيکر رسمي زده کړه (که وي) د اټکل تر مخې هغه مهال پای ته ورسېده، کله چې هغه د عمر دومره زوړوالي ته رسېدلی و، چې د خپلې کورنۍ له کروندې سره يې مرسته نه شوه کولای.[۲۰][۲۱][۲۲][۲۳][۲۴]

د پام وړ اثار[سمول]

د 1753ز کال په شا او خوا کې، او د نوموړي په شا اوخوا يو ويشت کلنۍ کې، د معلوماتو پر بنسټ بينيکر يو لرګين ساعت بشپړ کړی و، چې په هر ساعت يې غږ کاوه. داسې برېښي چې هغه خپل ساعت له يو پور شوي لاسي ساعت څخه د هرې برخې په توږلو سره کره نمونه چمتو کړې وه. دې ساعت د هغه تر مړينې کار وکړ.[۲۵][۲۶]

په 1759ز کال کې د هغه د پلار له مړينې وروسته، بينيکر له خپلې مور او خوېندو سره و اوسېدو. په 1768ز کال کې، نوموړي له بالتيمور ولسوالۍ په يوه عريضه لاسليک وکړ، چې د ولسوالۍ مرکز يې له «جوپا» څخه بالتيمور ته لېږداوه. د 1773ز کال د بالتيمور ولسوالۍ د ماليې په نوملړ کې د هغه د شتمنۍ ثبت کولو پر مهال بينيکر د خپل کور د يوازيني بالغ غړي په توګه وپېژندل شو.[۲۷][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰]

په 1772ز کال کې، اينډريو ايلي کوټ، جان ايلي کوټ، او جوزف ايلي کوټ وروڼه، د پنسلوانيا له «باکس» ولسوالۍ څخه وکوچېدل، او د بينيکر له کروندې سره نږدې د «پټاپسکو فالس» سره يې ځمکه راونيوله، تر څو کارخانې (ژرندې، د دانو ميده کولو کارخانې) جوړې کړي، د کوم په شا او خوا کې چې د ايلي کوټ د کارخانو (اوس ايلي کوټ ښار) جوړ شو. ايلي کوټ وروڼه د مذهبي ټولنې غړي وو، چا چې د توکميزې برابرۍ په اړوند هماغه اندونه درلودل، څه ډول چې د هغوی ډېر نو باورونه و. بینيکر دا کارخانې مطالعه کړې او د هغوی له څښتنانو سره يې ملګرتيا پيدا کړه.[۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵]

په 1788ز کال کې، د اينډريو اليکوټ زوی جورج ايليکوټ، د ستورپېژندنې په اړه د رسمي مطالعې د پيل کولو په موخه د بينيکر کتابونه او وسايل په پور واخيستل. په راتلونکي کال کې، بینيکر د لمر تندر نيولو د محاسبې لپاره خپل اثر جورج ته واستاوه. په 1790ز کال کې، بینيکر د 1791ز کال لپاره يو فلکي تقويم جوړ کړ، د کوم په اړه چې هغه هيله درلوده چې په کومه خپره شوې کالهنداره کې به ځای ورکړل شي. په هر حال، نوموړی ونه شول کولای داسې چاپ کونکی پيدا کړي چې د دې اثر د خپرولو او وېشلو لپاره چمتو شي.[۳۶][۳۷][۳۸][۳۹][۴۰]

د کولمبيا ولسوالۍ د اصلي حدودو ټاکنه[سمول]

د 1791ز کال په لومړيو کې، د امریکا د بهرنيو چارو وزير تاماس جفرسن سروی کونکي ميجر اينډريو ايلي کوټ (د جوزف ايلي کوټ زوی او د جورج ايلي کوټ د اکا زوی) ته وويل، تر څو د يوې داسې سیمې سروی (څېړنه/حدود ټاکل) وکړي، په کومه کې چې به یوه نوې فدرالي ولسوالۍ موجوده وي. د 1791ز کال د فبرورۍ په مياشت کې، ايلیکوټ یوه سروی کونکې ډله پرېښوده د کومې چې هغه په لوېديځ نيويارک کې مشري کوله، تر څو وکولای شي د ولسوالۍ سروی پيل کړي. له هغې وروسته ايلي کوټ د فدرالي ولسوالۍ د حدودو په ابتدايي سروی کې د مرستې لپاره بينيکر د بديل په توګه وګوماره، او په جارج ټاون کې د تګ راتګ د سفر لپاره يې نوموړي ته د پېشکي په توګه شپېته ډالره ورکړل.[۴۱][۴۲]

سرچينې[سمول]

  1. ↑ (1) Whiteman, Maxwell. "BENJAMIN BANNEKER: Surveyor and Astronomer: 1731–1806: A biographical note". In Whiteman, Maxwell (المحرر). Banneker's Almanack and Ephemeris for the Year of Our Lord 1793; being The First After Bisixtile or Leap Year and Banneker's almanac, for the year 1795: Being the Third After Leap Year: Afro-American History Series: Rhistoric Publication No. 202. (الطبعة 1969 Reprint). Rhistoric Publications, a division of Microsurance Inc. LCCN 72077039. OCLC 907004619. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۴ جون ۲۰۱۷ – عبر HathiTrust Digital Library. A number of fictional accounts of Banneker are available. All of them were dependent upon the following: Proceedings of the Maryland Historical Society for 1837 and 1854 which respectively contain the accounts of Banneker by John B. H. Latrobe and Martha E. Tyson. They were subsequently reprinted as pamphlets. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (2) Bedini, 1969, p. 7. "The name of Benjamin Banneker, the Afro-American self-taught mathematician and almanac-maker, occurs again and again in the several published accounts of the survey of Washington City [D.C.] begun in 1791, but with conflicting reports of the role which he played. Writers have implied a wide range of involvement, from the keeper of horses or supervisor of the woodcutters, to the full responsibility of not only the survey of the ten-mile square but the design of the city as well. None of these accounts has described the contribution which Banneker actually made." (3) Bedini, 1972, p. 126. "Benjamin Banneker's name does not appear on any of the contemporary documents or records relating to the selection, planning, and survey of the City of Washington. An exhaustive search of the files under Public Buildings and Grounds in the U.S. National Archives and of the several collections in the Library of Congress have proved fruitless. A careful perusal of all known surviving correspondence and papers of Andrew Ellicott and of Pierre Charles L'Enfant has likewise failed to reveal mention of Banneker. This conclusively dispels the legend that after L'Enfant's dismissal and his refusal to make available his plan of the city, Ellicott was able to reconstruct it in detail from Banneker's recollection. Equally untrue are legends that Thomas Jefferson as Secretary of State invited Banneker to luncheon at the White House. Jefferson during this period was in Philadelphia, the national capital had not yet been built, and there was no White House.” (4) Bedini, 1972, p. 186. "Another important item in the 1793 almanac was "A Plan Of a Peace-Office for the United States," which aroused a good deal of comment at the time. It was believed by many to have been Banneker's own work. Even within recent decades its authorship has been debated. In 1947 it was identified without question as the work of Dr. Benjamin Rush, in a volume of his writings that appeared in that year." (5) Bedini, 1972, p. 403, Item 85 "William Loren Katz. Eyewitness, the Negro in American History. New York. Putnam Publishing Corp., 1967 pp. 19–31, 61–62. Brief account of Banneker's career and contributions, which are stated to have been in "the fields of science, mathematics, and political affairs," illustrated with the fictional portrait from Allen's work (item 56) and the cover page of the almanac for 1793. Among the misstatements are the claims that Banneker produced the first clock made entirely with American parts, that Jefferson promised Banneker that he would end slavery, that George Ellicott worked with Banneker in the survey of Washington, that Banneker was appointed to the Commission at a suggestion made by Jefferson to Washington, and that Banneker selected the sites of the principal buildings. The fiction that Banneker re-created L'Enfant's plan from memory is again presented, and his almanacs are said to have been published for a period of ten years." (6) Boyd, Julian P., المحرر (1974). "Locating the Federal District: Editorial Note: Footnote number 119". The Papers of Thomas Jefferson: 24 January–31 March 1791. 19. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. د کتاب پاڼي 41–43. LCCN 50007486. OCLC 1045069058. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 9780691185255. د لاسرسي‌نېټه March 27, 2019 – عبر Google Books. Recent biographical accounts of Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806), a mulatto whose father was a native African and whose grandmother was English, have done his memory a disservice by obscuring his real achievements under a cloud of extravagant claims to scientific accomplishment that have no foundation in fact. The single notable exception is Silvio A. Bedini's The Life of Benjamin Banneker (New York, 1972), a work of painstaking research and scrupulous attention to accuracy which also benefits from the author's discovery of important and hitherto unavailable manuscript sources. However, as Bedini points out, the story of Banneker's involvement in the survey of the Federal District "rests on extremely meager documentation" (p. 104). This consists of a single mention by TJ, two brief statements by Banneker himself, and the newspaper allusion quoted above. In consequence, Bedini's otherwise reliable biography accepts the version of Banneker's role in this episode as presented in reminiscences of nineteenth-century authors. These recollections, deriving in large part from members of the Ellicott family, who were prompted by Quaker inclinations to justice and equality, have compounded the confusion. The nature of TJ's connection with Banneker is treated in the Editorial Note to the group of documents under 30 Aug. 1791, but because of the obscured record it is necessary here to attempt a clarification of the role of this modest, self-taught tobacco farmer in the laying out of the national capital.
    First of all, because of unwarranted claims to the contrary, it must be pointed out that there is no evidence whatever that Banneker had anything to do with the survey of the Federal City or indeed with the final establishment of the boundaries of the Federal District. All available testimony shows that he was present only during the few weeks early in 1791 when the rough preliminary survey of the ten mile square was made; that, after this was concluded and before the final survey was begun, he returned to his farm and his astronomical studies in April, accompanying Ellicott part way on his brief journey back to Philadelphia; and that thenceforth he had no connection with the mapping of the seat of government. ...
    In any case, Banneker's participation in the surveying of the Federal District was unquestionably brief and his role uncertain.     الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (7) (په 1994-02-20 باندې). The Egyptian Illusion. (8) Shipler, David K. (1998). "The Myths of America". A Country of Strangers: Blacks and Whites in America. New York: Vintage Books. د کتاب پاڼي 196–197. LCCN 97002810. OCLC 39849003. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0679734546 – عبر Google Books. The Banneker story, impressive as it was, got embellished in 1987, when the public school system in Portland, Oregon, published African-American Baseline Essays, a thick stack of loose-leaf background papers for teachers, commissioned to encourage black history instruction. They have been used in Detroit, Atlanta, Fort Lauderdale, Newark, and scattered schools elsewhere, although they have been attacked for gross inaccuracy in an entire literature of detailed criticism by respected historians. .... الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (9) Bedini, 1999, p. 43. "Banneker's clock was by no means the first timepiece in tidewater Maryland, as occasionally has erroneously been claimed. Timepieces were well known and available from the very earliest English settlements, ...." (10) Bedini, 1999, pp. 132–136. "An exhaustive search of government repositories, including the Public Buildings and Grounds files in the National Archives, and various collections in the Library of Congress, failed to turn up Banneker's name on any of the contemporary documents or records related to the selection, planning and survey of the City of Washington. Nor was he mentioned in any of the surviving correspondence and papers of Andrew Ellicott and of Pierre Charles L'Enfant. .... Although the exact date of Banneker's departure from the survey is not specified in Ellicott's report of expenditures, it occurred sometime late in the month of April 1791, following the arrival of one of Ellicott's brothers. It was not until some ten months after Banneker's departure from the scene that L'Enfant was dismissed, by means of a letter from Jefferson dated February 27, 1792. This conclusively dispels any basis for the legend that after L'Enfant's dismissal and his refusal to make available his plan of the city, Banneker recollected the plan in detail from which Ellicott was able to reconstruct it. Equally untrue and in fact impossible is the legend that Thomas Jefferson as secretary of state invited Banneker to luncheon at the White House. Jefferson during this period was in Philadelphia, the national capital in Washington had yet not been built, and there was no White House." (11) Toscano, 2000. Archived 2019-09-12 at the Wayback Machine. "Some writers, in an effort to build up their hero, claim that Banneker was the designer of Washington. Other writers have asserted that Banneker's role in the survey is a myth without documentation. Neither group is correct. Bedini does a professional job of sorting out the truth from the falsehoods." (12) (په 2000-05-20 باندې). District History Lesson. OP/ED: Letters to the Editor. The Washington Post (13) Murdock, Gail T. (2002-11-11). Benjamin Banneker – the man and the myths. Review of Bedini, Silvio A. (1999). "The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science", 2nd ed., Baltimore: Maryland Historical Society. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0938420593. This very well-researched book also helps lay to rest some of the myths about what Banneker did and did not do during his most unusual lifetime; unfortunately, many websites and books continue to propagate these myths, probably because those authors do not understand what Banneker actually accomplished. Many state, for example, that Banneker's clock was an exact copy of one he saw, which is not true – he figured out the mathematics and physics on his own for a clock made out of wood, instead of trying simply to copy the small pocket watch that he was lent to observe. However remarkable this clock was, it was not the first clock made in America. Other sources continually repeat the myth that when Pierre l'Enfant was fired from the job of laying out the new Federal City, Benjamin Banneker recreated l'Enfant's plans from memory. Bedini lays this myth to rest ..... الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (14) Cerami, 2002, p. 142. "He (Banneker) has existed in dim memory mainly on mangled ideas about his work, and even utter falsehoods that are unwise attempts to glorify a man who needs no such embellishments." (15) Levine, Michael (2003-11-10). "L'Enfant designed more than D.C.: He designed a 200-year-old controversy". History: Planning Our Capital City: Get to know the District of Columbia. DCpages.com. مؤرشف من الأصل في December 6, 2003. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۳۱ ډيسمبر ۲۰۱۶. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (16) Fasanelli, Florence D, "Benjamin Banneker's Life and Mathematics: Web of Truth? Legends as Facts; Man vs. Legend", a talk given on January 8, 2004, at the MAA/AMS meeting in Phoenix, AZ. Cited in Mahoney, John F (July 2010). "Benjamin Banneker's Inscribed Equilateral Triangle – References". Loci. Mathematical Association of America. 2. مؤرشف من الأصل في February 21, 2014. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۶ ډيسمبر ۲۰۱۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (17) (په November 12, 2005 باندې). Benjamin Banneker, Man and Myth. (18) Weatherly, Myra (2006). "An Important Task". Benjamin Banneker: American Scientific Pioneer. Minneapolis, Minnesota: Compass Point Books. د کتاب پاڼي 76–77. LCCN 2005028708. OCLC 61864300. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0756515793. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۷ اگسټ ۲۰۱۹ – عبر Google Books.
    The conflicts surrounding L'Enfant gave rise to an often–repeated story that involved Banneker. According to the story, Banneker, having seen the original design for the city only once, re-created it in detail after L'Enfant returned to France with the original plans. This legend has led some people to credit Banneker with a greater role in creating the capital city. However, there is no evidence that Banneker contributed anything to the design of the city or that he ever met L'Enfant.
    Modern historians acknowledge that the inaccurate information—the myths surrounding Banneker—resulted in his contributions to the city being overvalued. Unfortunately, those myths sometimes obscure Banneker's greatest contribution to society—the almanacs that he would publish in his later years.     الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة). (19) Johnson, Richard (2007). "Banneker, Benjamin (1731–1806)". Online Encyclopedia of Significant People and Places in African American History. BlackPast.org. “(Banneker's) life and work have become enshrouded in legend and anecdote.”  (20) Bigbytes. "Benjamin Banneker Stories". dcsymbols dot com. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر ۲۰ جنوري ۲۰۱۰ باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۱ جنوري ۲۰۱۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (21) Arnebeck, Bob. "Ellicott's letter to the commissioners on engraving the plan of the city, in which no reference is made to Banneker". The General and the Plan. Bob Arnebeck's Web Pages. مؤرشف من الأصل في July 8, 2011. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۶ مې ۲۰۱۲. How did the myth of Banneker helping Ellicott remember the plan take hold? I believe it is because the first name of the brother who helped Ellicott is Benjamin, and so Benjamin Banneker was mistaken for Benjamin Ellicott. I think it is nonsense to assume that when L'Enfant refused access to the "original" plan that meant that Ellicott had to rely on memory to reconstruct the plan. L'Enfant had the "large" plan. Ellicott probably had access to small renditions or drafts of the plan which, of course, he and his brother had helped create by their surveys of the city. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (22) Maryland Historical Society Library Department (February 6, 2014). "The Dreams of Benjamin Banneker". H. Furlong Baldwin Library: Underbelly. Maryland Historical Society. مؤرشف من الأصل في September 17, 2020. د لاسرسي‌نېټه September 17, 2020. Over the 200 years since the death of Benjamin Banneker (1731–1806), his story has become a muddled combination of fact, inference, misinformation, hyperbole, and legend. Like many other figures throughout history, the small amount of surviving source material has nurtured the development of a degree of mythology surrounding his story. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (23) "A look into Benjamin Banneker's 1793 Almanac". Book of the Month: Banneker's Almanac. Haverford, Pennsylvania: Haverford College. April 18, 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في October 21, 2017. د لاسرسي‌نېټه April 9, 2020. In 1806, shortly after Banneker's death, a fire at his home destroyed most of his personal papers (Gillispie). This gap in substantial archival material has hardly hindered the development of the Benjamin Banneker legend; perhaps it has even aided its growth. ..... The narrative that tells of Banneker's life as one of mythical success and unprecedented exceptionalism easily draws an audience, but it washes over what might be more intellectually rewarding questions about the man's life. .... For now, the legend of Benjamin Banneker will continue to exist in his old almanacs and in present culture, serving as an inspiring enigma for those who wonder what lies beyond the surface-level stories of the past. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (24) Arnebeck, Bob (2017-01-02). "Washington Examined: Seat of Empire: the General and the Plan 1790 to 1801". Blogger. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر October 22, 2017 باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 4, 2021. Meanwhile Andrew Ellicott, the nation's Surveyor General, finished surveying the boundary lines of the federal district, and joined L'Enfant in laying out the city. (Ellicott showed a fine sense of the opportunity presented by the project by hiring a mathematician who was a "free Negro," to help with the survey. The Georgetown newspaper noted the significance of Benjamin Banneker's participation but, nearly sixty years old, he left the arduous project in May and returned to Baltimore to publish his almanac, and thus, contrary to legend, had nothing to do with L'Enfant's plan.) الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (25) Blakely, Julia (February 15, 2017). "America's First Known African American Scientist and Mathematician". Unbound (blog). Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Libraries, Smithsonian Institution. مؤرشف من الأصل في August 15, 2017. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۵ اگسټ ۲۰۱۷. ..., much myth and anecdote surround the life and work of Banneker. An uncertain legacy grew, in part, from the destruction of almost all his papers and possessions when his log cabin home burnt down at the moment he was being buried. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (26) Bellis, Mary (updated June 20, 2017). "Biography of Benjamin Banneker, Author and Naturalist". ThoughtCo. New York: Dotdash. مؤرشف من الأصل في October 14, 2017. د لاسرسي‌نېټه December 11, 2020. Banneker's life became the source of legend after his death, with many attributing certain accomplishments to him for which there is little or no evidence in the historical record. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (27) Burns, Janet (May 23, 2018). "Benjamin Banneker". International Times. د لاسرسي‌نېټه April 28, 2021. (Banneker's clock) may have been the first clock ever assembled completely from American parts, according to (Elizabeth Ross) Haynes (although other historians have since disputed this). ... The plans for the large city were laid out by French architect and engineer Pierre Charles L’Enfant, who volunteered for service in the American Revolution’s Continental Army and was hired for the project by George Washington in 1791. Before long, however, tensions mounted over its direction and progress of the project, and when L’Enfant was fired in 1792, he took off with the plans in tow.
    But according to legend, the plans weren’t actually lost: Banneker and the Ellicotts had worked closely with L’Enfant and his plans while surveying the city’s site. As the University of Massachusetts explains, Banneker had actually committed the plans to memory “[and] was able to reproduce the complete layout—streets, parks, major buildings.” However, the University of Massachusetts also points out that other historians doubt Banneker had any involvement in this part of the survey at all, instead saying that Andrew and his brother were the ones who recreated L’Enfant’s plan. It’s an intriguing myth, but it may only be that.     الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (28) Biography.com Editors (April 12, 2019). "Benjamin Banneker Biography". The Biography.com website. A&E Television Networks. مؤرشف من الأصل في June 23, 2019. د لاسرسي‌نېټه April 8, 2020. With limited materials having been preserved related to Banneker's life and career, there's been a fair amount of legend and misinformation presented. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (29) Keene, Louis. "Benjamin Banneker: The Black Tobacco Farmer Who The Presidents Couldn't Ignore". The White House Historical Association. مؤرشف من الأصل في August 31, 2019. د لاسرسي‌نېټه February 25, 2020. Perhaps owing to the scarcity of recorded fact about his remarkable life, and because he was often invoked symbolically to advance social causes like abolition, Banneker’s story has been susceptible to mythmaking. He has been incorrectly credited with drawing the street grid of Washington, D.C., making the first clock on the Eastern seaboard, being the first professional astronomer in America, and discovering the seventeen-year birth cycle of cicadas. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (30) Fayyad, Abdallah (June 5, 2020). "D.C.'s Street Plan Is A Monument To Democracy". dcist. Washington, D.C.: WAMU 88.5: American University Radio. مؤرشف من الأصل في April 29, 2021. Washington’s core was laid out by Pierre L’Enfant, a French-American engineer and city planner, when the federal government decided it needed a new capitol. George Washington carved out 10 miles square on the Potomac River, and appointed L’Enfant in 1791 to plan an ambitious new seat of government.
    But L’Enfant didn’t exactly carry out his vision alone: He was dismissed from the job in 1792—and he reportedly took his layout with him. That’s when Benjamin Banneker, a free black man who had surveyed the capital and helped establish its boundary points, stepped in. Banneker is said to have redrawn L’Enfant’s plans from memory in two days, though whether actually he did has been debated by historians; his history and legacy have yet to be fully excavated.     الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (31) Brownell, Richard (updated December 17, 2020) (February 8, 2016). "Benjamin Banneker's Capital Contributions". Boundary Stones: WETA's History Blog. Arlington County, Virginia: WETA. مؤرشف من الأصل في April 28, 2021. د لاسرسي‌نېټه April 28, 2021. L’Enfant’s plans were well received, but he proved to be extremely difficult to work with, arguing incessantly with the commissioners in charge of the capital project. .... When L’Enfant left the project, he took all the designs with him, leaving the project in disarray.
    Unsure of how to proceed, Ellicott and the other planners feared they might have to start from scratch. According to writer Gaius Chamberlain, “Banneker surprised them when he asserted that he could reproduce the plans from memory and in two days did exactly as he had promised.”
    There has been much controversy over the years about whether such an event actually happened. Some historians claim that many of the facts about Banneker’s life were embellished or mythologized, leaving the fact that he was able to reimagine L’Enfant’s plans in dispute. Others have theorized that it was Andrew Ellicott’s brother Benjamin who aided in redrawing the plans from memory, theorizing that he was confused with Banneker because they shared the same first name.     الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (32) Fowler, Jermaine (2021). "Podcast #7: Benjamin Banneker (transcript)". The Humanity Archive. مؤرشف من الأصل في April 28, 2021. د لاسرسي‌نېټه April 28, 2021. So when a lot of people think of Benjamin Banneker, they may know him because of the story of him assisting with the layout of the nation's capital in Washington, DC. And I was troubled to find out that with no real evidence legend has it that Benjamin, Banneker single handedly laid out in, develop the plans for Washington DC himself with no help.
    And this is the popular narrative in a lot of circles. And even in the mainstream media, the Washington Post published the story citing this is fact, and this is part of his mythology and it's probably untrue, but it made me wonder, like, why do people embellish history? Why would someone take a man like Banneker with the real moral and professional greatness, and then exaggerate a story with things uncertain. Why do we embellish historical figures in general? Maybe in this case, there is something to prove black people have latched onto the great figures to prove competence and to prove value. Maybe it really was thought to be the truth.     الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  2. ↑ "Benjamin Banneker | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  3. ↑ Heinegg, Paul (December 11, 2016). "Banneker Family". Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware: Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: Adams-Butler. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر June 24, 2017 باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 6, 2020. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  4. ↑ (1) Banneker, 1792b, p. 6. "Sir, I freely and cheerfully acknowledge, that I am of the African race, and in that color which is natural to them of the deepest dye" (2) McHenry, pp. 185-186. "BENJAMIN BANNEKER, a free Negro, has calculated an Almanack for the ensuing Year, 1792, ..... . "This Man is about fifty-nine years in age; he was born in Baltimore county; his father was an African, and his mother, the offspring of African parents." (3) Latrobe, p. 6. "His father was a native African, and his mother the child of natives of Africa; so that to no admixture of the blood of the white man was he indebted for his peculiar and extraordinary abilities."
  5. ↑ Perot, full text, pp. 5, 19–21, 33–36, 67.
  6. ↑ (1) Russell, George Ely (December 2006). "Molly Welsh: Alleged Grandmother of Benjamin Banneker". National Genealogical Society Quarterly. National Genealogical Society. 94 (4): 305–314. ISSN 0027-934X. LCCN 17012813. OCLC 50612104. د لاسرسي‌نېټه June 7, 2015. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  7. ↑ Heinegg, Paul (December 11, 2016). "Banneker Family". Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware: Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: Adams-Butler. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر June 24, 2017 باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 6, 2020. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  8. ↑ Perot, full text, pp. 5, 19–21, 33–36, 67.
  9. ↑ (1) Tyson, p. 4. (2) Johnson. "Benjamin Banneker, free black, farmer, mathematician, and astronomer, was born on November 9, 1731, the son of freed slaves Robert and Mary Bannaky, probably near the Patapsco River southeast of Baltimore, Maryland, where his father owned a small farm. For some years, Benjamin seems to have served as an indentured laborer on the Prince George’s County plantation of Mary Welsh, who had dealings with the Bannaky family and in 1773 executed her dead husband’s instructions to release several of her labor force including “Negro Ben, born free age 43.” Walsh was surely not Banneker’s grandmother, as argued by many biographers, but she did leave him a substantial legacy. He then lived alone as a tobacco farmer near the Patapsco River."
  10. ↑ Tyson, Martha (Ellicott) (June 30, 1854). "A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker; from notes taken in 1836". [Baltimore] Printed by J. D. Toy – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  11. ↑ Cerami, 2002, pp. 7, 15.
  12. ↑ Cerami, 2002, pp. 5, 15.
  13. ↑ Heinegg, Paul (2021). "Banneker Family". Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware: Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: Adams-Butler. مؤرشف من الأصل في September 14, 2021. د لاسرسي‌نېټه September 14, 2021. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  14. ↑ Heinegg, Paul (December 11, 2016). "Banneker Family". Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware: Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware: Adams-Butler. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر June 24, 2017 باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 6, 2020. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  15. ↑ (1) "Banaka Map — Satellite Images of Banaka". maplandia.com: google maps world gazetteer. 2016. مؤرشف من الأصل في May 6, 2020. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 6, 2020. This place is situated in Klay, Bomi Terr., Liberia, its geographical coordinates are 6° 49' 44" North, 10° 46' 21" West and its original name (with diacritics) is Banaka. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (2) "Banaka / Bomi County". getamap.net. 2020. مؤرشف من الأصل في May 6, 2020. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 6, 2020. Banaka (Banaka) is a populated place .... in Bomi County (Bomi), Liberia (Africa) .... . It is located at an elevation of 117 meters above sea level. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (3) "Where is Banaka in Liberia Located?". GoMapper. 2020. مؤرشف من الأصل في May 6, 2020. د لاسرسي‌نېټه May 6, 2020. Banaka is a place with a very small population in the country of Liberia .... . Cities, towns and places near Banaka include Bonja, Kuodi, Wuefa and Fassa. The closest major cities include Monrovia, Freetown, Conakry and Daloa. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (4) Coordinates of Banaka: ۶°۴۹′۴۳″شمال ۱۰°۴۶′۱۹″لويديځ / 6.828698°شمال 10.7719071°لويديځ / 6.828698; -10.7719071 (Banaka)
  16. ↑ Bedini, Silvio A. (June 30, 1971). "The life of Benjamin Banneker". New York, Scribner – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  17. ↑ Hurry, Robert J. (2007). "Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers".. New York: Springer. 91–92. ISBN 9780387310220. OCLC 65764986. 
  18. ↑ (1)  Glawe "Richard Gist 1737 Robert Bannaky Benjamin Bannaky +conveyance+ This indenture made this tenth day of March in the year of our Lord one thousand seven hundred thirty seven between Richard Gist of Baltimore County in the province of Maryland grant of the one part, Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky this now of the County and province aforementioned of the other part, Witnesseth that the deed Richard Gist for and in consideration of the sum of seven thousand pounds of tobacco whence paid to the said Richard Gist the receipt whereof he do able by these presents acquits and discharges them the said Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky his son thereon heirs and assign for over one hundred acres of land lying in the said county circumscribed by the bounds hereafter by profit being the moiety of a hundred acres of land. J. Wells Stokes" (2) Facsimile of handwritten deed conveying property from Richard Gist to Robert Bannaky and Benjamin Bannaky.  In Clark, James W., Maryland Commission on Afro-American and Indian History and Culture, Annapolis, Maryland (1976-06-14). "Benjamin Banneker Homesite" (PDF). Maryland State Historical Trust: Inventory Form for State Historic Sites Survey. Annapolis, Maryland: Maryland State Archives. د کتاب پاڼې 16. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في August 18, 2015. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۵ نومبر ۲۰۱۵. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  19. ↑ (1) McHenry, pp. 185-186. "This man is about fifty-nine years of age; he was born in Baltimore county; his father was an African, and his mother the offspring of African parents. His father and mother having obtained their freedom, were enabled to send him to an obscure school, where he learned, as a boy, reading, writing, and arithmetic, as far as double position. (2) "Double position". Webster's 1913 Dictionary. مؤرشف من الأصل في June 14, 2020. د لاسرسي‌نېټه June 14, 2020. (Arith.) the method of solving problems by proceeding with each of two assumed numbers, according to the conditions of the problem, and by comparing the difference of the results with those of the numbers, deducing the correction to be applied to one of them to obtain the true result. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (3) Adams, Daniel (1807). "Section III. § 10. Position: Double Position". The Scholar's Arithmetic; or, Federal Accountant (الطبعة 4th). Keene, New Hampshire: Printed by and for John Prentiss, (proprietor of the copy-right) and sold at his book-store, wholesale and retail.--Sold also by the principal booksellers in New-England, and at the Rensselaer book-store, Troy, N.Y. د کتاب پاڼي 201–202. LCCN 38021948. OCLC 1153971636. د لاسرسي‌نېټه June 22, 2020 – عبر HathiTrust Digital Library. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  20. ↑ (1) Graham, 1949, p. 45. Not until all the tobacco was in and "the Christmas" over was the school opened. Among the boys who sat on the smooth log facing Peter Heinrich was the dark boy. .... The dark boy's name seemed rather long. For Peter Heinrich wrote "Benjamin Banneker". .... And thus the spelling was changed from that in the earliest records. (2) Bedini, 1972, p. 300. "Martha Tyson's posthumous book was the last work about Banneker to be based on original materials. During the next several decades, numerous articles in periodicals and newspapers mentioned Banneker's life and works, but each was based on earlier publications without contributing new materials. .... Finally, in 1949 another biography of Banneker appeared. This work by Shirley Graham was highly fictionalized and written for young people. It became popular, but the lack of distinction between fact and fiction in its presentation, while a compliment to the writing skill of Shirley Graham, has resulted in yet more confusion concerning Banneker's achievements and their importance."
  21. ↑ (1) Cerami, 2002, pp. 24–28. (2) Corrigan, 2003, p. 2 "Cerami constructs a credible narrative of Banneker's life, but fails to document his research."
  22. ↑ "Quakers & Slavery". Triptych: Tri-College Digital Library. Bryn Mawr College. مؤرشف من الأصل في April 19, 2014. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۷ سپټمبر ۲۰۱۴. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  23. ↑ Graham, 1949, p. 52. "The school was now housed in a building all its own and was supported by the Society of Friends. Though Ben was no longer a regular attendant he still considered himself a pupil. Very often when his days work was done he rode over to Master Heinrich's house for talk or to exchange a book"
  24. ↑ John Hazlehurst Boneval Latrobe, Maryland Historical Society (June 30, 1845). "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read Before the Maryland Historical Society, at ..." Printed by John D. Toy – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  25. ↑ John Hazlehurst Boneval Latrobe, Maryland Historical Society (June 30, 1845). "Memoir of Benjamin Banneker: Read Before the Maryland Historical Society, at ..." Printed by John D. Toy – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  26. ↑ (1) Tyson, pp. 5, 9–10, 18. (2) Hartshorne, Henry, المحرر (1884-06-21). "Book Notice: Banneker, the Afric-American Astronomer. From the posthumous papers of M.E. Tyson. Edited by Her Daughter. Phila. 1020 Arch Street. 1884". Friends Review: A Religious, Literary and Miscellaneous Journal. Philadelphia: Franklin E. Paige. 37 (46): 729. مؤرشف من الأصل في January 16, 2017. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۶ جنوري ۲۰۱۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (3) Bedini, 1964, p. 22. (4) Bedini, 1999, p. 44. "Completed in 1753, Bannekers' clock continued to operate until his death, more than 50 years later." (5) Bedini, 2008 "At about the age of twenty-one he (Banneker) constructed a striking wall clock, without ever having seen one. .... The clock continued to function successfully for more than fifty years, until his death." (6) Bailey, Chris H. (1975). Two Hundred Years of American Clocks & Watches. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc. د کتاب پاڼې 73. LCCN 75013714. OCLC 756413530. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0139351302. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۹ مارچ ۲۰۱۹. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  27. ↑ "Benjamin Banneker | Encyclopedia.com". www.encyclopedia.com. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  28. ↑ Tyson, Martha (Ellicott) (June 30, 1854). "A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker; from notes taken in 1836". [Baltimore] Printed by J. D. Toy – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  29. ↑ (1) Heinegg, Paul (2016-12-11). "Banneker Family". Free African Americans of Maryland and Delaware. مؤرشف من الأصل في June 24, 2017. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۴ جون ۲۰۱۷. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (2) "Petitions for and against removal of the county seat of Baltimore County from Joppa to Baltimore Town, 1768: A. Petitions for removal of the County Seat" (PDF). Maryland State Archives (Archives of Maryland On-Line). 61: 520–554. مؤرشف (PDF) من الأصل في February 9, 2018. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۰۹ فبروري ۲۰۱۸. Benjamin Banneker (page 551) الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  30. ↑ Bedini, 1999, pp. 47, 368–369.
  31. ↑ "Historic Ellicott City's History". ellicottcity.net. Ellicott City, Maryland: Ellicott City Graphic Arts. مؤرشف من الأصل في August 10, 2015. د لاسرسي‌نېټه February 21, 2016. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  32. ↑ (1) Tyson, Martha Ellicott (1865). "A Brief Account of the Settlement of Ellicott's Mills". A Brief Account of the Settlement of Ellicott's Mills, with Fragments of History therewith Connected: Written at the request of Evan T. Ellicott, Baltimore, 1865: Read before the Maryland Historical Society, Nov. 3, 1870. Maryland Historical Society: Fund-Publication, No. 4. Baltimore: Printed by J. Murphy: Printer to the Maryland Historical Society. د کتاب پاڼي 3–4. LCCN rc01003387. OCLC 777869103. د لاسرسي‌نېټه December 2, 2020 – عبر Internet Archive. The earliest observable change in the agricultural system of Maryland, was occasioned by a purchase made in 1772, by the brothers Joseph, Andrew and John Ellicott, of lands and mill-sites on the Patapsco river, 10 miles west of Baltimore, and by the building of their mills for grinding wheat and other grains. The purchase embraced the lands, on both sides of the Patapsco, for four miles in extent, and included all the water power within that distance, ..... الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (2) Mayer, Brantz (1871). "Baltimore: From the End of the War with Great Britain and the Opening of the South American Trade to the Present Time". Baltimore: Past and Present. With Biographical Sketches of its Representative Men. Baltimore: Richardson & Bennett. د کتاب پاڼې 93. LCCN rc01003450. OCLC 1041066526. د لاسرسي‌نېټه December 2, 2020 – عبر Internet Archive. In the city, and within the compass of twenty miles around it, there were upwards of sixty grain mills, of various descriptions, in which it was said that fully a million and a quarter of dollars were invested. This, of course, was an element of great prospective wealth, especially as the water power for manufactures, within the radius of those twenty miles, at Patapsco Falls, .... الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (3) (په January 2, 2001 باندې). Ellicotts, Banneker found common ground in science. The Baltimore Sun.
  33. ↑ "The life of Benjamin Banneker". Maryland Historical Society. June 30, 1999 – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  34. ↑ Williams, George Washington (June 30, 1885). "History of the Negro race in America from 1619 to 1880. Negroes as slaves, as soldiers, and as citizens; together with a preliminary consideration of the unity of the human family, an historical sketch of Africa, and an account of the negro governments of Sierra Leone and Liberia". New York, London, G.P. Putnam's Sons – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  35. ↑ Tyson, Martha (Ellicott) (June 30, 1854). "A sketch of the life of Benjamin Banneker; from notes taken in 1836". [Baltimore] Printed by J. D. Toy – عبر Internet Archive. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  36. ↑ "Glawe". February 13, 2014. مؤرشف من الأصل في August 18, 2015. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۱۸ اگسټ ۲۰۱۵. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  37. ↑ "Catonsville, MD – Oella – Benjamin Banneker's Historical Park & Museum – Time Line". May 31, 2010. د اصلي آرشيف څخه پر May 31, 2010 باندې. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  38. ↑ (1) Bedini, 1969, p. 8. (2) Bedini, 1999, pp. 81–87; p. 371, references 3, 4, 5; p. 382, reference 12. (3) (په January 2, 2001 باندې). Ellicotts, Banneker found common ground in science. The Baltimore Sun. (4) McHenry, p. 186. "It is about three years since mr. George Ellicott lent him Mayer's tables, Ferguson's astronomy, Leadbeater's lunar tables and some astronomical instruments, but without accompanying them with either hint or instruction, that might further his studies, or lead him to apply them to any useful result. These books and instruments, the first of the kind that he had ever seen, opened a new world to Benjamin, and from thence forward he employed his leisure in astronomical researches." (5) Mayer, Tobias (1770). Maskelyne, Nevil (المحرر). New and correct tables of the motions of the sun and moon (په لاتيني و انګلیسي ژبه کي). London: William and John Richardson: Sold by John Nourse, John Mount and Thomas Page. OCLC 981762891. د لاسرسي‌نېټه June 22, 2020 – عبر Google Books. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (6) Ferguson, James (1756). Astronomy Explained Upon Sir Isaac Newton's Principles,: And Made Easy to Those who Have Not Studied Mathematics. London: Printed for, and sold by the author, at the Globe, opposite Cecil-street in the Strand. LCCN ltf91075548. OCLC 55560074. د لاسرسي‌نېټه June 22, 2020 – عبر Google Books. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة) (7) Leadbetter, Charles (1742). A Compleat System of Astronomy (الطبعة 2nd). London: J. Wilcox. LCCN 45046785. OCLC 822001557. د لاسرسي‌نېټه June 22, 2020. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  39. ↑ McHenry, p. 186. "He (Banneker) now took up the idea for calculations for an almanac, and actually completed and entire set for the last year, upon his original stock of arithmetic. Encouraged by this first attempt, he entered upon his calculation for 1792, which as well as the former, he began and finished without the least information, or assistance, from any person or other books, than those that I have mentioned; so that, whatever merit is attached to his present performance, is exclusively and peculiarly his own."
  40. ↑ Tise, Larry E. (June 30, 1998). The American Counterrevolution: A Retreat from Liberty, 1783–1800. Stackpole Books. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 9780811701006 – عبر Google Books. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  41. ↑ National Capital Planning Commission (1976). "History". Boundary markers of the Nation's Capital: a proposal for their preservation & protection: a National Capital Planning Commission Bicentennial report. Washington, D.C.: National Capital Planning Commission; For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, United States Government Printing Office. د کتاب پاڼې 9. OCLC 3772302. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۲ فبروري ۲۰۱۶ – عبر HathiTrust Digital Library. ... Andrew Ellicott retained Banneker to make the astronomical calculations necessary to establish the location of the south corner stone, while Ellicott and the field crews did the actual surveying. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
  42. ↑ (1) Bedini, 1999, pp. 110–114, 133–134. (2) "Boundary Stones of the District of Columbia". boundarystones.org. مؤرشف من الأصل في December 27, 2014. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۷ جنوري ۲۰۱۴. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة). (3) Crew, pp. 87–103. (4) Langelan, Chas (2012-08-24). "Andrew Ellicott and his Survey of the Federal Territory on the Potomac, 1791–1793". Philip Lee Philips Society Annual Conference: Visualizing The Nation's Capital: Two Centuries of Mapping Washington, D.C., Session 2 (moderator: Bill Stanley). Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. د اصلي (transcript) آرشيف څخه پر March 2, 2016 باندې. د لاسرسي‌نېټه ۲۱ فبروري ۲۰۱۶. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
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