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ارتداد په اسلام کې

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا

ارتداد په اسلام کې (عربي: ردة یا ارتداد) په معمول ډول د فکر، خبرې کولو او عمل په ډګر کې د یو مسلمان له خوا د اسلام پرېښودو ته ویل کېږي. په دغه موضوع کې نه یوازې د اسلام له مبارک دین څخه بل دین یا منسوخ شوو آسماني دینونو ته اوښتون شاملېږي بلکې د ټولو هغو کسانو د کفر ویل او بدعت هم په کې شامل دی چې ځانونه مسلمانان بولي؛ دا ټولې هغې چارې او اقدامات په ځان کې نغاړي چې پر کفر دلالت کوي، په دغو کې د اسلام له «اصل یا اساسي عقیدې» څخه منکرین شامل دي (د بېلګې په توګه هغه کسان چې د پېریانو شتون نه مني). هر هغه څوک چې دغه ډول چاره ترسره کړي بیا نور ورته مرتد ویل کېږي. [۱][۲][۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱]

په داسې حال کې چې کلاسیکې اسلامي فقې د هغو مرتدینو لپاره جزا اعدام اعلان کړې چې توبه نه کوي، خو هغه څرګندونې یا اعمال چې یو څوک د ارتداد په شرایطو برابروي او همدارنګه د هغو د مجازاتو ډول د اسلامي علماوو ترمنځ اختلافي موضوع ګانې جوړوي. کفري نړۍ بیا د مرتدینو د وژلو جزا د نړیوالو بشري حقونو سره په ټکر کې بولي ځکه چې دغه حقونه د مذهب آزادي تضمین کوي؛ هماغه ډول چې د بشري حقونو د نړیوالې اعلامیې، د مدني او سیاسي حقونو د نړیوال کنوانسیون او د اقتصادي، ټولنیزو او کلتوري حقونو د نړیوال کنوانسیون په څېر د بشري حقونو په ټولو اسنادو کې ورته نغوته شوې ده. [۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵][۱۶] [۱۷][۱۸][۱۹]

د نوولسمې پېړۍ تر وروستیو پورې اکثریت سني او شیعه محدثینو له اسلام څخه ارتداد لوی جرم باله او مرتدین یې هم د اعدام په جزا محکوم کول؛ خو بیا یې هم یو شمېر اسانتیاوې رامنځته کړې وې (لکه وخت ورکول چې که چېرې توبه وباسي؛ دغه مورد به هم یوازې هغه مهال شتون درلود چې سیاسي مداخله به وشوه)؛ دغه اسانتیاوې بیا د هماغې دورې ځانګړنو، حقوقي معیارونو او حقوقي مکتب ته اړوندېدلې. د ۱۹مې پېړۍ په وروستیو کې د ارتداد لپاره د قانوني جزايي مجازاتو څخه ګټنه له منځه ولاړه په داسې حال کې چې مدني مجازات یې تر نن ورځې پورې شتون لري. [۲۰][۲۱][۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵][۲۶][۲۷][۲۸][۲۹]

تر ۲۰۲۱ زکال پورې ۱۰ داسې اکثریت مسلمان هېوادونو شتون درلود چې په هغو کې د ارتداد جزا اعدام وه، خو قانوني اعدامونه بیا په کې په ډېره لږ کچه وو. دغه اعدامونه هم د سخت دریځو مجاهدینو (القاعده، داعش، د الجیریا وسله واله ډله) له خوا ترسره کېدل. نورو ۱۳ هېوادونو بیا د مرتدینو لپاره بل ډول جزایي یا مدني مجازات ټاکلي چې په دغو کې بند، د واده فسخ، د ارث د حق او د ماشومانو د مسئولیت له لاسه ورکول شاملېږي. [۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵][۳۶]

په معاصره اسلامي نړۍ کې د اعدام له مجازاتو ملاتړ د افغانستان د ۷۸٪ او د قزاقستان د ۱٪ کچې ترمنځ له یو بل توپیر لري؛ ورته مهال اکثریت مسلمان حقوق پوهان ارتداد داسې یو جرم بولي چې جزا یې باید اعدام وي. مخالفین یې بیا استدلال کوي چې جزا یې باید له مرګ څخه لږ وي او مرتد کس خپله جزا په آخرت کې وویني یا هم یوازې د عمومي فتنې یا فساد کولو پر مهال اعدام شي. [۳۷][۳۸][۳۹][۴۰][۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴][۴۵][۴۶]

سرچينې

[سمول]
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  2. ↑ Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Chapter 7: Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 81–95. doi:10.1163/9789004331471_008. ISBN 978-9004330924. ISSN 1874-6691. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 29 May 2021.
  3. ↑ "No God, not even Allah". The Economist. 24 November 2012. Archived from the original on 26 December 2017. نه اخيستل شوی 9 January 2018.
  4. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336. By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith
  5. ↑ Hashemi, Kamran (2008). "Part A. Apostasy (IRTIDAD)". Religious Legal Traditions, International Human Rights Law and Muslim States. Brill. p. 21. ISBN 978-9047431534. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 15 January 2021.
  6. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 2–4. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336.
  7. ↑ Schirrmacher, Christine (2020). "Chapter 7: Leaving Islam". In Enstedt, Daniel; Larsson, Göran; Mantsinen, Teemu T. (eds.). Handbook of Leaving Religion. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 18. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 81–95. doi:10.1163/9789004331471_008. ISBN 978-9004330924. ISSN 1874-6691. Archived from the original on 2 June 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 29 May 2021.
  8. ↑ "Belief and Unbelief: choice or destiny?". Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān I. (2001). Leiden: Brill Publishers. DOI:10.1163/1875-3922_q3_EQCOM_00025. ISBN 978-9004147430. 
  9. ↑ Frank Griffel, "Apostasy", in (Editor: Gerhard Bowering et al.) The Princeton Encyclopedia of Islamic Political Thought, ISBN 978-0691134840, pp. 40–41
  10. ↑ Diane Morgan (2009), Essential Islam: A Comprehensive Guide to Belief and Practice, ISBN 978-0313360251, pp. 182–183
  11. ↑ Ghali, Hebatallah (December 2006). "Rights of Muslim Converts to Christianity" (PhD Thesis). Department of Law, School of Humanities and Social Sciences. The American University in Cairo, Egypt. p. 2. Archived (PDF) from the original on 4 September 2014. Whereas an apostate (murtad) is the person who commits apostasy ('rtidad), that is the conscious abandonment of allegiance or ... renunciation of a religious faith or abandonment of a previous loyalty.
  12. ↑ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-9004435544. ISSN 1874-6691.
  13. ↑ Abdelhadi, Magdi (27 March 2006). "What Islam says on religious freedom". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. نه اخيستل شوی 14 October 2009.
  14. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336. By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith
  15. ↑ Friedmann, Yohanan (2003). "Chapter 4: Apostasy". Tolerance and Coercion in Islam: Interfaith Relations in the Muslim Tradition. Cambridge University Press. pp. 121–159. ISBN 978-1139440790.
  16. ↑ Wood, Asmi (2012). "8. Apostasy in Islam and the Freedom of Religion in International Law". In Paul Babie; Neville Rochow (eds.). Freedom of Religion under Bills of Rights. University of Adelaide Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-0987171801. JSTOR 10.20851/j.ctt1t3051j.13. Archived from the original on 14 January 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 9 January 2021.
  17. ↑ Brems, Evams (2001). Human Rights : Universality and Diversity. Springer. p. 210. ISBN 978-9041116185. Archived from the original on 7 April 2023. نه اخيستل شوی 11 December 2020.
  18. ↑ "UN rights office deeply concerned over Sudanese woman facing death for apostasy". UN News Centre. 16 May 2014. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. نه اخيستل شوی 17 April 2017.
  19. ↑ "Saudi Arabia: Writer Faces Apostasy Trial". Human Rights Watch. 13 February 2012. Archived from the original on 17 April 2017. نه اخيستل شوی 17 April 2017.
  20. ↑ Asma Afsaruddin (2013), Striving in the Path of God: Jihad and Martyrdom in Islamic Thought, p. 242. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0199730938.
  21. ↑ Gerhard Bowering, ed. (2013). The Princeton encyclopedia of Islamic political thought. associate editors Patricia Crone, Wadid Kadi, Devin J. Stewart and Muhammad Qasim Zaman; assistant editor Mahan Mirza. Princeton, N.J.: Princeton University Press. p. 40. ISBN 978-0691134840.
  22. ↑ B. Hallaq, Wael (2009). Sharī'a: Theory, Practice and Transformations. Cambridge University Press. p. 319. ISBN 978-0521861472.
  23. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336. By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith
  24. ↑ Lewis, Bernard (1995). The Middle East, a Brief History of the Last 2000 Years. Touchstone Books. p. 229. ISBN 978-0684807126.
  25. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336. By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith
  26. ↑ Omar, Abdul Rashied (2009). "The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization". In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians. Lexington Books. pp. 179–194. ISBN 978-0739135235.
  27. ↑ Kecia Ali; Oliver Leaman (2008). Islam: the key concepts. Routledge. p. 10. ISBN 978-0415396387.
  28. ↑ John L. Esposito (2004). The Oxford dictionary of Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 22. ISBN 978-0195125597.
  29. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336. By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith
  30. ↑ "Death sentence for apostasy in nearly a dozen countries, report says". National Secular Society (په انګليسي). 2021-11-16. Archived from the original on 15 December 2022. نه اخيستل شوی 2022-12-16.
  31. ↑ "Countries where apostasy and blasphemy laws in Islam are applied" (PDF). Set My People Free. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 January 2021. نه اخيستل شوی 23 April 2020.
  32. ↑ Marshall, Paul; Shea, Nina. 2011. Silenced. How Apostasy & Blasphemy Codes are Choking Freedom Worldwide. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 61 کينډۍ:ISBN?
  33. ↑ Poljarevic, Emin (2021). "Theology of Violence-oriented Takfirism as a Political Theory: The Case of the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS)". In Cusack, Carole M.; Upal, M. Afzal (eds.). Handbook of Islamic Sects and Movements. Brill Handbooks on Contemporary Religion. Vol. 21. Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers. pp. 485–512. doi:10.1163/9789004435544_026. ISBN 978-9004435544. ISSN 1874-6691.
  34. ↑ Baele, Stephane J. (October 2019). Giles, Howard (ed.). "Conspiratorial Narratives in Violent Political Actors' Language" (PDF). Journal of Language and Social Psychology. Sage Publications. 38 (5–6): 706–734. doi:10.1177/0261927X19868494. hdl:10871/37355. ISSN 1552-6526. S2CID 195448888. Archived from the original on 3 January 2022. نه اخيستل شوی 3 January 2022.
  35. ↑ Rickenbacher, Daniel (August 2019). Jikeli, Gunther (ed.). "The Centrality of Anti-Semitism in the Islamic State's Ideology and Its Connection to Anti-Shiism". Religions. Basel: MDPI. 10 (8: The Return of Religious Antisemitism?): 483. doi:10.3390/rel10080483. ISSN 2077-1444.
  36. ↑ Badara, Mohamed; Nagata, Masaki; Tueni, Tiphanie (June 2017). "The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir" (PDF). Arab Law Quarterly. Leiden: Brill Publishers. 31 (2): 134–162. doi:10.1163/15730255-31020044. ISSN 1573-0255. Archived (PDF) from the original on 11 July 2019. نه اخيستل شوی 25 October 2021.
  37. ↑ Omar, Abdul Rashied (2009). "The Right to religious conversion: Between apostasy and proselytization". In Mohammed Abu-Nimer; David Augsburger (eds.). Peace-Building by, between, and beyond Muslims and Evangelical Christians. Lexington Books. pp. 179–194. ISBN 978-0739135235.
  38. ↑ Abdelhadi, Magdi (27 March 2006). "What Islam says on religious freedom". BBC News. Archived from the original on 11 February 2017. نه اخيستل شوی 14 October 2009.
  39. ↑ Peters, Rudolph; Vries, Gert J. J. De (1976). "Apostasy in Islam". Die Welt des Islams. 17 (1/4): 1–25. doi:10.2307/1570336. JSTOR 1570336. By the murtadd or apostate is understood as the Moslem by birth or by conversion, who renounces his religion, irrespective of whether or not he subsequently embraces another faith
  40. ↑ "Sudan woman faces death for apostasy". BBC News. 15 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 May 2014. There is a long-running debate in Islam over whether apostasy is a crime. Some liberal scholars hold the view that it is not (...), Others say that apostasy is (...). The latter is the dominant view in conservative Muslim states such as Sudan, Saudi Arabia and Pakistan (...).
  41. ↑ Ibrahim, Hassan (2006). Abu-Rabi', Ibrahim M. (ed.). The Blackwell Companion to Contemporary Islamic Thought. Blackwell Publishing. pp. 167–169. ISBN 978-1405121743.
  42. ↑ Forte, D. F. (1994), Apostasy and Blasphemy in Pakistan, Conn. Journal of Int'l Law, Vol. 10, pp. 27–41
  43. ↑ Zwemer, Samuel M. "The Law of Apostasy". The Muslim World. 14 (4): 36–37, chapter 2. ISSN 0027-4909.
  44. ↑ Kazemi F. (2000), "Gender, Islam, and politics", Social Research, Vol. 67, No. 2, pp. 453–474
  45. ↑ Abou El Fadl, Khaled (2007). The Great Theft: Wrestling Islam from the Extremists. HarperOne. p. 158. ISBN 978-0061189036.
  46. ↑ John Esposito (2011). What Everyone Needs to Know About Islam. Oxford University Press. p. 74. ISBN 978-0199794133.
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