محمد عالم خان
د ويکيپېډيا لخوا
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د ژباړې لپاره نومېدلي، نور مخونو دلته وګورۍ. |
امير محمد عالم خان (۱۸۸۰-۱۹۴۴ز) كې د مغولي واكمنۍ وروستې امير ؤ، چې په بخارا يې واكمني كوله. كه څه هم بخارا د تزاري روسيې تر واك لاندې وه، خو دې امير وكړاى شول، چې له ۱۹۱۱ز د جنورۍ له درېيمې تر ۱۹۲۰ز ۳۰ اګست پورې خپل امارات پدې ښار كې نه يواځې وساتي، بلكه خپله خپلواكي هم ترلاسه كړي. دا امير د جنګېز خان له نسل څخه ؤ.
امير عالم خان په ۱۳ كلنۍ كې د خپل پلار امير عبدالاحد خان لخوا د سان پيټرزبورګ ښار ته د يوه درې كلنې ښوونيزې دورې لپاره ولېږه ترڅو هورې په جنګي او دولتي چارو كې خپلې زده كړې وكړي. په ۱۸۹۶ز كال د روسي واكمنۍ لخوا ورته بخارا د واكمنۍ وليعهدۍ تاج ورپه سر كړ. لدې كار سره سم دې د بخارا په لور وخوځېد. هورې يې له پلار سره د ملك چارې سمبالولې، پس له دوه كاله د ناسف سيمې د والي په توګه وګومارل شو، او پوره دولس كاله په نوموړي دنده پاتې شو. لدې ځاى څخه بيا شمالي ولايت كرمينا ته ولېږل شو، او د دوه كالو لپاره يې هلته ولايت چارې ترسره كړې، تردې چې په ۱۹۱۰ز كال يې د پلار د مرګ خبر ترلاسه كړه.
Alim Khan's rule began with promise. Initially, he declared that he would no longer expect or accept any gifts, and prohibited his officials from demanding bribes from the public, or imposing taxes on their own authority. However, as time went by the Emir's attitude towards bribes, taxes, and state salaries changed. The conflict between the traditionalists and the reformists ended with the traditionalists in control, and the reformers in exile in Moscow or Kazan. It is thought that Alim Khan, who initially favored modernization and the reformists, realised that their eventual goals included no place for either him or his descendants as rulers. Like his predecessors, Alim Khan was a traditional ruler. He toyed with the idea of reform as a tool to keep the clergy in line, and only as long as he saw the possibility of using it to strengthen Manghit rule.[citation needed]
One of the most important Tajik writers, Aini Sadriddin, wrote vivid accounts of life under the Emir. He was whipped for speaking Tajik and later wrote about the life under the Emirs in the Bukhara Executioners ("Jallodon-i Bukhara").
Alim Khan was the first and only Manghit ruler to add the title of Caliph to his name, and was the last direct descendant of Genghis Khan to serve as a national ruler.
In March 1918 activists of the Young Bukharan Movement informed the Bolsheviks that the Bukharans were ready for the revolution and that the people were awaiting liberation. The Red Army marched to the gates of Bukhara and demanded that the emir surrender the city to the Young Bukharans. As Russian sources report, the emir responded by murdering the Bolshevik delegation, along with several hundred Russian inhabitants of Bukhara and the surrounding territories. The majority of Bukharans did not support an invasion and the ill-equipped and ill-disciplined Bolshevik army fled back to the Soviet stronghold at Tashkent.
However, the emir had won only a temporary respite. As the civil war in Russia wound down, Moscow sent reinforcements to Central Asia. On 2 September 1920, an army of well-disciplined and well equipped Red Army troops under the command of Bolshevik general Mikhail Frunze attacked the city. After four days of fighting, the emir’s citadel (Arc) was destroyed, the red flag was raised from the top of Kalyan Minaret, and the Emir Alim Khan was forced to flee to his base at Dushanbe in Eastern Bukharan, and finally to Kabul, Afghanistan.
[سمول] بهرنې تړون
- Uzbekistan - World Statesmen.org
