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کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه

د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا

کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه چې د مساوات غوښتونکې آزادي پالنې، کیڼ وزره آزادي پالنې یا ټولنیزې آزادي پالنې په نوم هم یادېږي، یوه سیاسي فلسفه او د آزادي پالنې یوه بڼه ده چې په فردي آزادۍ او ټولنیزې برابرۍ ټینګار لري. کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه د سیاسي او ټولنیزو نظرونو څو اړوندو، مګر جلا لارو ښکارندویي کوي. په کلاسیکه کارونه کې، د استبداد ضد کیڼ اړخه سیاستونو بڼو، لکه: آنارشیزم، په ځانګړې توګه ټولنیز آنارشیزم ته اشاره کوي چې د هغه پلویان په ساده توګه هغه ته د آزادي پالنې، کمونیزم او آزادي پاله مارکسیزم نوم ورکوي، چې په ټوله کې ورته آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم ویل کېږي. د شین خوځښت د کیڼ وزر یوه برخه، د مورای بوکچین د ټولنیزې ایکولوژي پلویانو له ډلې، هم عموماً کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالان ګڼل کېږي.[۱][۲][۳][۴][۵][۶][۷][۸][۹][۱۰][۱۱]

په متحده ایالتونو کې، کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه، د آزادي پالانو د خوځښت د کیڼ وزر ښکارندویي کوي، له سیاسي مقامونو سره د علمي فیلسوفانو، لکه: هیلل اشتاینر، فیلیپ ون پاریج او پیتر والنټاین تړاو، چې د ځان مالکیت د برابري غوښتنې له طبیعي لیدلوري سره یوځای کوي. دا کار د مالکیت او شتمنۍ په اړه د آزادي پالنې نظرونو د توپیر لپاره، معمولاً د کیڼ – ښي او سوسیالیستي – سرمایه داري کرښو په دوام ترسره کېږي. که څه هم آزادي پالنه په متحده ایالتونو کې له کلاسیک لېبرالیزم او مینارشیزم سره تړل شوې ده، سربېره پر دې چې ښي اړخه آزادي پالنه له کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنې څخه لا ډېره پېژندل شوې، د دې اصطلاح سیاسي کارونه، تر هغه وخته پورې په ځانګړې توګه د سرمایه دارۍ ضد، آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم او ټولنیز آنارشیزم سره تړلې وه او د نړۍ په ډېرو برخو کې داسې یوه ټولنه لا هم غالبه ده.[۱۲][۱۳][۱۴][۱۵]

کیڼ اړخه سوسیالیسټ آزادي پالان د سرمایه دارۍ او د تولیدي وسایلو د خصوصي مالکیت پرخلاف دي. کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالان د طبیعي سرچینو د خصوصي مالکیت پلوي نه دي، یا هم کاملاً ورسره مخالف دي او د کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالانو برعکس استدلال کوي چې د شخصي ملکیت بشپړو حقونو رامنځته کولو لپاره، له طبیعي سرچینو سره د خپلې کاري نیرو په هکله نه ادعا کوي او نه یې هم ورسره ګډوي او باور لري چې طبیعي سرچینې، څه بې ملکیته او څه هم په ګډ ملکیت کې، باید په مساوي غوښتونکې توګه وساتل شي. هغه کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالان چې د خصوصي مالکیت په باب لږ څه نرم دي، د مالکیت بېلابېلو نظرونو او نورمونو لکه د ګټې اخیستنې حق څخه ملاتړ کوي، یا هم د اشټاینر – والنټاین مکتب په شان چې ځایي یا آن نړیوالې ټولنې ته تاوان د ورکړې شرط په کې ایښودل شوی. هغه نور فکري جریانونه چې له کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالانو سره پېژندل شوي، دا دي: د جورج هنري د ځمکنۍ مالیې نظریاتو او د پیره جوزف پروډون د متقابل پلوي پلویان او د درېیم سامویل کونکیڼ د آګوریزم په ګډون د کیڼ وزره بازاري آنارشیزم (یا بازارپلوي کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه). د کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنې انتقاد په عمده توګه آنارشیزم پورې تړلی دی او د تمدني کارنامو په باره کې د یوټوپیانیزم، مستبد حاکمیت او ورانکارۍ ادعاګانې په کې شاملې دي.[۱۶][۱۷][۱۸][۱۹][۲۰][۲۱][۲۲][۲۳][۲۴][۲۵][۲۶]

پېژند

[سمول]

هغه کسان چې د کیڼ اړخه آزادي پاله یا ښي اړخه آزادي پاله په توګه یادېږي، عموماً داسې تمایل لري چې ځان یوازې آزادي پالونکي وبولي او خپلې فلسفې ته د آزادي پالنې نوم ورکړي. دې موضوع ته په کتو سره، ځینې سیاسي شنونکي او لیکونکي د آزادي پالنې بڼې په دوه یا څو برخو لکه کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه او ښي اړخه آزادي پالنه، وېشي، ترڅو د مالکیت او شتمنۍ طبیعت په هکله آزادي پاله لیدلوري په ډاګه کړي. په متحده ایالتونو کې، د آزاد بازار سرمایه دارۍ ضد پلویان په شعوري ډول ځانونو ته د کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالانو نوم ورکوي او ځان د کیڼ اړخو آزادي پالانو یوه برخه ګڼي.[۲۷][۲۸][۲۹][۳۰][۳۱][۳۲][۳۳][۳۴][۳۵]

په دودیز ډول، آزادي پالنه یوه اصطلاح ده چې د فرانسوي آزادي پاله کمونیسټ او د Le Libertaire مدیر، ژوزف دژاک له خوا، د کیڼ اړخه سیاست یوې برخې په معنا وکارول شوه چې د نولسمې پېړۍ له منځه تر پایه پورې په مکرر ډول آنارشیزم او آزادي پاله سوسیالیزم ته د اشارې لپاره کارول کېده. سباسټین فوره، یو بل فرانسوی آزادي پاله کمونیست، د ۱۸۹۰مې ز لسیزې په منځ کې، کله چې د فرانسې درېیم جمهوریت د (lois scélérates) په اصطلاح ناوړه قوانین نافذ کړل. چې له مخې یې په فرانسه کې پر آنارشیستي خپرونو بندیز ولګېد، د یوه نوي Le Libertaire په خپرولو پیل وکړ. د کاتو انسټیټوټ څخه د آنتوني کومګنا په وینا: بنیامین ټکر، آزادي پاله سوسیالیسټ، اولنی امریکایی وو چې د ۱۸۷۰مې لسیزې په پای او د ۱۸۸۰مې ز لسیزې په پیل کې یې د آزادي پالنې اصطلاح وکاروله.[۳۶][۳۷][۳۸][۳۹][۴۰][۴۱][۴۲][۴۳][۴۴][۴۵][۴۶][۴۷][۴۸][۴۹][۵۰]

د یوې اصطلاح په توګه، کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه د بېلابېلو سیاسي اقتصادي فلسفو بڼو ته د اشارې لپاره کارول شوې چې په کې په فردي آزادي ټینګار شوی. د شلمې پېړۍ په منځ کې د ښي اړخه عصري پراختیا سره چې د آزادي پالنې اصطلاح یې په ګډه ټاکلې وه، ترڅو له آزادې سرمایه دارۍ او پیاوړي خصوصي حقونو مالکیت، لکه: د ځمکې، بېخبینا(زیربنا )او طبیعي منابعو څخه دفاع وکړي. کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه ډېری وخت، د دې دوه بڼو، په ځانګړې توګه د مالکیت حقونو، د تفکیک لپاره کارول کېږي.[۵۱][۵۲][۵۳][۵۴][۵۵][۵۶]

په داسې حال کې چې ښي اړخه آزادي پالنه، آزادې سرمایه دارۍ (لکه د موري روتبارد آنارشیکې سرمایه داري او د رابرټ نوزیک منارشیزم) ته اشاره کوي، سوسیالیسټي آزادي پالنه بیا د یو څو محدودو کسانو په لاس د قدرت هرډول تمرکز (څه له سیاسي اړخه او څه هم له اقتصادي پلوه) د آزادي مخالفه ګڼي او ځکه په ورته وخت کې د دولت او سرمایه دارۍ دواړو د لغوه کېدو پلوي کوي. د جنیفر کارلسون په وینا: ښي اړخه آزادي پالنه په متحده ایالاتو کې د آزادي پالنې غالب ډول دی، په داسې حال کې چې کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه په وروستیو درېیو لسیزو کې د لویدیځې اروپا په ډیموکراسۍ کې د سیاست په غالب اړخ بدله شوې. سوسیالیسټي آزادي پالنه په پراخه کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه کې خپلې اصلي معنا ته رسېدلې ده. کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه کې،«له غیر متمرکزه کسانو نیولې چې غواړي دولتي ځواک محدود او انتقال کړي، تر سنډیکالیسټانو چې غواړي هغه په ټوله کې له منځه یوسي» شامل دي. آن کولی شي. فابیان او سوسیال ډیموکراټان، څوک چې غواړي اقتصاد ټولنیز کړي، خو د دولت لپاره لا هم محدود رول ویني، هم احاطه کړي.[۵۷][۵۸][۵۹]

د ټولنیز او سیاسي فلسفې په اړه د راتلج ملګرو کتاب د تعریف په اساس، کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه لږ تر لږه درې معناوې لري:

په خپله زړه معنا کې، په ټوله کې د عمومي آنارشیزم یا په ځانګړې توګه د ټولنیز آنارشیزم مترادفه ده. وروسته بیا د آزاد بازار د آزادي پاله خوځښت کیڼ اړخ یا کونکیڼیټ وزر یوه اصطلاح شوه او له هغه وخته راهیسې د بازار پلوي خو سرمایه دارۍ ضد، زیاتره فردپلوه آنارشیسټ، د آګوریزم او موچوالیزم په ګډون موقعیتونه تر پوښښ لاندې راولي. ډېری د خواخوږۍ مفهوم په دلالت (لکه راډیکاله فیمینیزم یا د کارګرۍ خوځښت) چې معمولاً د آنارکو – کاپیتالیزم له خوا څخه نه شریکېږي. په درېیمه معنا او په دې وروستیو کې د هغه موقعیت لپاره کارول شوې، چې شخصي او فردي مالکیت د طبیعي منابعو سره د مساوات غوښتنې لیدلوري سره یوځای کوي، د دې موضوع ډېری پلویان آنارشیستان نه دي.[۶۰]

د سټانفورډ پوهنغونډ فلسفه، کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنه له ښي اړخه آزادي پالنې څخه بېلوي او داسې استدلال کوي:

آزادي پالنه ډېری وخت د «ښي - وزر» عقیدې په توګه په پام کې نیول کېږي. په داسې حال کې چې، دا په دوه دلیلو غلطه ده. لومړی، د اقتصادي پر ځای – په ټولنیزو مسایلو، آزادي پالنه «کیڼ» اړخ ته تمایل لري. دا له هغو قوانینو سره مخالفت کوي چې په لویانو کې توافقي او خصوصي جنسي اړیکې محدودوي، (لکه د همجنسبازۍ جنسي اړیکې، د ښځې او میړه غیره جنسي اړیکې او منحرفې جنسي اړیکې)، هغه قوانین چې د نشه‌یي توکو کارونه محدودوي، هغه قوانین چې په خلکو مذهبي لیدلوري یا عملونه تحمیلوي او د اجباري پوځي خدمت مخالف دي. دویم، د آزادي پالنې د ښې پېژندل شوې بڼې یعنې ښي اړخه آزادي پالنې سربېره، یوه بله بڼه هم شتون لري چې د «کیڼ اړخه آزادي پالنې» په نوم پېژندل کېږي. دواړه بشپړ شخصي مالکیت تاییدوي، خو د طبیعي مناسبو او غیر مناسبو سرچینو، لکه: (ځمکه، هوا، اوبه او نورو) د تصاحب او اختیار په اړه سره توپیر لري. [۶۱]

سرچينې

[سمول]
  1. ↑ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. New York: Cassell. p. 170.
  2. ↑ Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the libertarian tradition."
  3. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists."
  4. ↑ Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all."
  5. ↑ Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006.
  6. ↑ Sundstrom, William A. (16 May 2002). "An Egalitarian-Libertarian Manifesto". Archived 29 October 2013 at the Wayback Machine..
  7. ↑ Sullivan, Mark A. (July 2003). "Why the Georgist Movement Has Not Succeeded: A Personal Response to the Question Raised by Warren J. Samuels". American Journal of Economics and Sociology. 62 (3): 612.
  8. ↑ Spitz, Jean-Fabien (March 2006). "Left-wing libertarianism: equality based on self-ownership". Cairn-int.info. نه اخيستل شوی 28 November 2019.
  9. ↑ Grunberg, Gérard; Schweisguth, Etienne; Boy, Daniel; Mayer, Nonna, eds. (1993). The French Voter Decides. "Social Libertarianism and Economic Liberalism". University of Michigan Press. p. 45. ISBN 978-0472104383
  10. ↑ Cohn, Jesse (2009). "Anarchism". In Ness, Immanuel (ed.). The International Encyclopedia of Revolution and Protest. Oxford: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. p. 6. doi:10.1002/9781405198073.wbierp0039. ISBN 978-1405198073. '[L]ibertarianism' [...] a term that, until the mid-twentieth century, was synonymous with "anarchism" per se.
  11. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227.
  12. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227.
  13. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (2005). "libertarianism, left-". In Honderich, Ted. The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. New York City: Oxford University Press. p. 516. "'Left-libertarianism' is a new term for an old conception of justice, dating back to Grotius. It combines the libertarian assumption that each person possesses a natural right of self-ownership over his person with the egalitarian premiss that natural resources should be shared equally. Right-wing libertarians argue that the right of self-ownership entails the right to appropriate unequal parts of the external world, such as unequal amounts of land. According to left-libertarians, however, the world's natural resources were initially unowned, or belonged equally to all, and it is illegitimate for anyone to claim exclusive private ownership of these resources to the detriment of others. Such private appropriation is legitimate only if everyone can appropriate an equal amount, or if those who appropriate more are taxed to compensate those who are thereby excluded from what was once common property. Historic proponents of this view include Thomas Paine, Herbert Spencer, and Henry George. Recent exponents include Philippe Van Parijs and Hillel Steiner." ISBN 978-0199264797.
  14. ↑ Bookchin, Murray; Biehl, Janet (1997). The Murray Bookchin Reader. London: Cassell. p. 170. ISBN 0304338737.
  15. ↑ Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 29 (3): 462–472. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x. ISSN 0004-9522.
  16. ↑ Kropotkin, Peter (1927). Anarchism: A Collection of Revolutionary Writings. Courier Dover Publications. p. 150. ISBN 978-0486119861. It attacks not only capital, but also the main sources of the power of capitalism: law, authority, and the State.
  17. ↑ Otero, Carlos Peregrin (2003). "Introduction to Chomsky's Social Theory". In Otero, Carlos Peregrin (ed.). Radical Priorities. Chomsky, Noam Chomsky (3rd ed.). Oakland, CA: AK Press. p. 26. ISBN 1902593693.
  18. ↑ Chomsky, Noam (2003). Carlos Peregrin Otero (ed.). Radical Priorities (3rd ed.). Oakland, CA: AK Press. pp. 227–228. ISBN 1902593693.
  19. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. Sage Publications. p. 1006. "[S]ocialist libertarians view any concentration of power into the hands of a few (whether politically or economically) as antithetical to freedom and thus advocate for the simultaneous abolition of both government and capitalism".
  20. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilbur R. The social history of crime and punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1007. ISBN 1412988764. "Left-libertarians disagree with right-libertarians with respect to property rights, arguing instead that individuals have no inherent right to natural resources. Namely, these resources must be treated as collective property that is made available on an egalitarian basis".
  21. ↑ Vallentyne, Peter (March 2009). "Libertarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Spring 2009). Stanford, CA: Stanford University. “Libertarianism is committed to full self-ownership. A distinction can be made, however, between right-libertarianism and left-libertarianism, depending on the stance taken on how natural resources can be owned.” 
  22. ↑ "Left Libertarianism". The Encyclopedia of Libertarianism. (2008). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage; Cato Institute. 288–289. DOI:10.4135/9781412965811.n174. ISBN 978-1412965804. OCLC 750831024. “Left libertarians regard each of us as full self-owners. However, they differ from what we generally understand by the term libertarian in denying the right to private property. We own ourselves, but we do not own nature, at least not as individuals. Left libertarians embrace the view that all natural resources, land, oil, gold, and so on should be held collectively. To the extent that individuals make use of these commonly owned goods, they must do so only with the permission of society, a permission granted only under the proviso that a certain payment for their use be made to society at large.” 
  23. ↑ Debord, Guy; Knabb, Ken, trans. (1993). Society of the Spectacle. London: Rebel Press. ISBN 978-0-946061-12-9.
  24. ↑ "The problem of organisation and the notion of synthesis". Libcom.org. 26 December 2005. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  25. ↑ Landauer, Carl (1959). European Socialism: A History of Ideas and Movements. University of California Press. کينډۍ:ASIN.
  26. ↑ Engels, Friedrich (1872). "On Authority". Marxists Internet Archive. Retrieved 10 February 2020.
  27. ↑ Long, Joseph. W (1996). "Toward a Libertarian Theory of Class". Social Philosophy and Policy. 15 (2): 310. "When I speak of 'libertarianism' [...] I mean all three of these very different movements. It might be protested that LibCap [libertarian capitalism], LibSoc [libertarian socialism] and LibPop [libertarian populism] are too different from one another to be treated as aspects of a single point of view. But they do share a common—or at least an overlapping—intellectual ancestry."
  28. ↑ Carlson, Jennifer D. (2012). "Libertarianism". In Miller, Wilburn R., ed. The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America. London: Sage Publications. p. 1006. ISBN 1412988764. "There exist three major camps in libertarian thought: right-libertarianism, socialist libertarianism, and left-libertarianism; the extent to which these represent distinct ideologies as opposed to variations on a theme is contested by scholars."
  29. ↑ Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the libertarian tradition."
  30. ↑ Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all."
  31. ↑ Miller, Wilbur R. (2012). The Social History of Crime and Punishment in America: An Encyclopedia. SAGE Publications. p. 1006.
  32. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  33. ↑ Francis, Mark (December 1983). "Human Rights and Libertarians". Australian Journal of Politics & History. 29 (3): 462–472. doi:10.1111/j.1467-8497.1983.tb00212.x. ISSN 0004-9522.
  34. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227.
  35. ↑ Carson, Kevin (15 June 2014). "What is Left-Libertarianism?". Center for a Stateless Society. Retrieved 28 November 2019.
  36. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "The Rise of Social Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 223. "In the meantime, anarchist theories of a more communist or collectivist character had been developing as well. One important pioneer is French anarcho-communists Joseph Déjacque (1821–1864), who [...] appears to have been the first thinker to adopt the term "libertarian" for this position; hence "libertarianism" initially denoted a communist rather than a free-market ideology."
  37. ↑ Mouton, Jean Claude. "Le Libertaire, Journal du mouvement social". نه اخيستل شوی 12 July 2019.
  38. ↑ Woodcock, George (1962). Anarchism: A History of Libertarian Ideas and Movements. Meridian Books. p. 280. "He called himself a "social poet," and published two volumes of heavily didactic verse—Lazaréennes and Les Pyrénées Nivelées. In New York, from 1858 to 1861, he edited an anarchist paper entitled Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social, in whose pages he printed as a serial his vision of the anarchist Utopia, entitled L'Humanisphére."
  39. ↑ Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism (په انګليسي). London: Freedom Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0900384899. OCLC 37529250.
  40. ↑ Robert Graham, ed. (2005). Anarchism: A Documentary History of Libertarian Ideas; Volume One: From Anarchy to Anarchism (300 CE–1939). Montreal: Black Rose Books. §17.
  41. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2009). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. p. 641. "The word 'libertarian' has long been associated with anarchism, and has been used repeatedly throughout this work. The term originally denoted a person who upheld the doctrine of the freedom of the will; in this sense, Godwin was not a 'libertarian', but a 'necessitarian'. It came however to be applied to anyone who approved of liberty in general. In anarchist circles, it was first used by Joseph Déjacque as the title of his anarchist journal Le Libertaire, Journal du Mouvement Social published in New York in 1858. At the end of the last century, the anarchist Sebastien Faure took up the word, to stress the difference between anarchists and authoritarian socialists".
  42. ↑ Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice". Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity—often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect—acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property—have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated".
  43. ↑ Nettlau, Max (1996). A Short History of Anarchism (په انګليسي). London: Freedom Press. p. 162. ISBN 978-0900384899. OCLC 37529250.
  44. ↑ Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. Sharp Press. p. 9[مړه لينکونه]. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."
  45. ↑ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers."
  46. ↑ "The Week Online Interviews Chomsky". Z Magazine. 23 February 2002. Retrieved 12 July 2019. "The term libertarian as used in the US means something quite different from what it meant historically and still means in the rest of the world. Historically, the libertarian movement has been the anti-statist wing of the socialist movement. In the US, which is a society much more dominated by business, the term has a different meaning. It means eliminating or reducing state controls, mainly controls over private tyrannies. Libertarians in the US don't say let's get rid of corporations. It is a sort of ultra-rightism."
  47. ↑ "150 years of Libertarian".
  48. ↑ "160 years of Libertarian".
  49. ↑ Ward, Colin (2004). Anarchism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. p. 62. "For a century, anarchists have used the word 'libertarian' as a synonym for 'anarchist', both as a noun and an adjective. The celebrated anarchist journal Le Libertaire was founded in 1896. However, much more recently the word has been appropriated by various American free-market philosophers."
  50. ↑ Comegna, Anthony; Gomez, Camillo (3 October 2018). "Libertarianism, Then and Now". Libertarianism. Cato Institute. "[...] Benjamin Tucker was the first American to really start using the term "libertarian" as a self-identifier somewhere in the late 1870s or early 1880s." Retrieved 3 August 2020.
  51. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  52. ↑ Bookchin, Murray (January 1986). "The Greening of Politics: Toward a New Kind of Political Practice". Green Perspectives: Newsletter of the Green Program Project (1). "We have permitted cynical political reactionaries and the spokesmen of large corporations to pre-empt these basic libertarian American ideals. We have permitted them not only to become the specious voice of these ideals such that individualism has been used to justify egotism; the pursuit of happiness to justify greed, and even our emphasis on local and regional autonomy has been used to justify parochialism, insularism, and exclusivity—often against ethnic minorities and so-called deviant individuals. We have even permitted these reactionaries to stake out a claim to the word libertarian, a word, in fact, that was literally devised in the 1890s in France by Elisée Reclus as a substitute for the word anarchist, which the government had rendered an illegal expression for identifying one's views. The propertarians, in effect—acolytes of Ayn Rand, the earth mother of greed, egotism, and the virtues of property—have appropriated expressions and traditions that should have been expressed by radicals but were willfully neglected because of the lure of European and Asian traditions of socialism, socialisms that are now entering into decline in the very countries in which they originated".
  53. ↑ Fernandez, Frank (2001). Cuban Anarchism. The History of a Movement. Sharp Press. p. 9[مړه لينکونه]. "Thus, in the United States, the once exceedingly useful term "libertarian" has been hijacked by egotists who are in fact enemies of liberty in the full sense of the word."
  54. ↑ Rothbard, Murray (2009) [1970s]. The Betrayal of the American Right (PDF). Mises Institute. ISBN 978-1610165013. One gratifying aspect of our rise to some prominence is that, for the first time in my memory, we, 'our side,' had captured a crucial word from the enemy. 'Libertarians' had long been simply a polite word for left-wing anarchists, that is for anti-private property anarchists, either of the communist or syndicalist variety. But now we had taken it over.
  55. ↑ Hussain, Syed B. (2004). Encyclopedia of Capitalism. Vol. II : H-R. New York: Facts on File Inc. p. 492. ISBN 0816052247. In the modern world, political ideologies are largely defined by their attitude towards capitalism. Marxists want to overthrow it, liberals to curtail it extensively, conservatives to curtail it moderately. Those who maintain that capitalism is a excellent economic system, unfairly maligned, with little or no need for corrective government policy, are generally known as libertarians.
  56. ↑ Widerquist, Karl. "Libertarianism: left, right, and socialist". Retrieved 15 November 2019.
  57. ↑ Goodway, David (2006). Anarchist Seeds Beneath the Snow: Left-Libertarian Thought and British Writers from William Morris to Colin Ward. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. p. 4. ISBN 978-1846310256. "'Libertarian' and 'libertarianism' are frequently employed by anarchists as synonyms for 'anarchist' and 'anarchism', largely as an attempt to distance themselves from the negative connotations of 'anarchy' and its derivatives. The situation has been vastly complicated in recent decades with the rise of anarcho-capitalism, 'minimal statism' and an extreme right-wing laissez-faire philosophy advocated by such theorists as Murray Rothbard and Robert Nozick and their adoption of the words 'libertarian' and 'libertarianism'. It has therefore now become necessary to distinguish between their right libertarianism and the left libertarianism of the libertarian tradition."
  58. ↑ Newman, Saul (2010). The Politics of Postanarchism, Edinburgh University Press. p. 43. ISBN 978-0748634958. "It is important to distinguish between anarchism and certain strands of right-wing libertarianism which at times go by the same name (for example, Murray Rothbard's anarcho-capitalism). There is a complex debate within this tradition between those like Robert Nozick, who advocate a 'minimal state', and those like Rothbard who want to do away with the state altogether and allow all transactions to be governed by the market alone. From an anarchist perspective, however, both positions—the minimal state (minarchist) and the no-state ('anarchist') positions—neglect the problem of economic domination; in other words, they neglect the hierarchies, oppressions, and forms of exploitation that would inevitably arise in a laissez-faire 'free' market. [...] Anarchism, therefore, has no truck with this right-wing libertarianism, not only because it neglects economic inequality and domination, but also because in practice (and theory) it is highly inconsistent and contradictory. The individual freedom invoked by right-wing libertarians is only a narrow economic freedom within the constraints of a capitalist market, which, as anarchists show, is no freedom at all."
  59. ↑ Marshall, Peter (2008). Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism. London: Harper Perennial. p. 565. "The problem with the term 'libertarian' is that it is now also used by the Right. [...] In its moderate form, right libertarianism embraces laissez-faire liberals like Robert Nozick who call for a minimal State, and in its extreme form, anarcho-capitalists like Murray Rothbard and David Friedman who entirely repudiate the role of the State and look to the market as a means of ensuring social order".
  60. ↑ Long, Roderick T. (2012). "Anarchism". In Gaus, Gerald F.; D'Agostino, Fred, eds. The Routledge Companion to Social and Political Philosophy. p. 227.
  61. ↑ Vallentyne, Peter (20 July 2010). "Libertarianism". Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Stanford University. Retrieved 26 December 2012.
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