د "ژونکه" د بڼو تر مېنځ توپير
د سمون لنډیز نسته |
د سمون لنډیز نسته |
||
| ۲۱ کرښه: | ۲۱ کرښه: | ||
The word ''cell'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''cellula'', meaning, a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by [[Robert Hooke]] in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the [[Cork (material)|cork]] cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.<ref name="Hooke">"<cite>... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . .</cite>" – Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork. [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html Robert Hooke]</ref> |
The word ''cell'' comes from the [[Latin]] ''cellula'', meaning, a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by [[Robert Hooke]] in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the [[Cork (material)|cork]] cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.<ref name="Hooke">"<cite>... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . .</cite>" – Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork. [http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/history/hooke.html Robert Hooke]</ref> |
||
== اناتومي == |
|||
[[دوتنه:Average prokaryote cell- en.svg.png|کيڼ|250px|بټنوک|د باکټريا ژونکه]] |
|||
د ۱۵:۵۹, ۲۱ نومبر ۲۰۱۰ بڼه
ژونکه د ژوند يو بنسټيز فعال واحد دی. د لومړي ځل لپاره روبېرټ هوک دا وموندل چې ژونکه د ټولو ژونديو اورګانيزمونو يو عملي واحد دی، او ټول ژوندي له همدغه واحد نه جوړ دي. په ژوندي اورګانيزمونو کې دا تر ټولو وړوکی واحد دی، چې د ژوند د رامنځ ته کېدو د خښتې په توګه هم ياده شوې.[۱] ځينې اروګانيزمونه، لکه باکتريا د يوژونکيزو (د يوې ژونکې نه جوړ ژواندي) په ډله کې شمېرل کېږي. نور اورګانيزمونه، لکه انسانان بيا د ګڼ ژوکنيزو د ډلې دي. انسانان نژدې له ۱۰۰ ټريليون يا 1014 ژونکو; چې د ژونکو عادي اندازه يې 10 µm دی او د ژونکو عادي حجم يې 1 نانوګرام دی جوړ شوي. په انسانانو کې تر ټولو لويې ژونکې نژدې 135 µm دي چې د شمزۍ تار په قدامي برخې ترې جوړې دي همدا شان په مرکنډۍ کې د ګرانيول ژونکې تر ټولو وړې ژونکې دي چې اندازه يې نژدې 4 µm دی، د انساني بدن تر ټولو اوږدې ژونکې بيا سېډويونيپولر يا ناسمې يوقطبي ژونکې دي چې د پښو له ګوتو نه د ماغزو غوړګې پورې رسېږي.[۲] په طبيعت کې تر ټولو لويه پېژندل شوې ژونکه د اوښمرغه هغه ناالقاح شوې هغۍ ده چې وزن يې نژدې 3.3 پونډو ته رسېږي.[۳][۴]
In 1835, before the final cell theory was developed, Jan Evangelista Purkyně observed small "granules" while looking at the plant tissue through a microscope. The cell theory, first developed in 1839 by Matthias Jakob Schleiden and Theodor Schwann, states that all organisms are composed of one or more cells, that all cells come from preexisting cells, that vital functions of an organism occur within cells, and that all cells contain the hereditary information necessary for regulating cell functions and for transmitting information to the next generation of cells.[۵]
The word cell comes from the Latin cellula, meaning, a small room. The descriptive term for the smallest living biological structure was coined by Robert Hooke in a book he published in 1665 when he compared the cork cells he saw through his microscope to the small rooms monks lived in.[۶]
اناتومي
سرچينې
- ↑ Cell Movements and the Shaping of the Vertebrate Body in Chapter 21 of د ژونکې ماليکيولي ژونپوهنه څلورم چاپ, سمونګر Bruce Alberts (2002) published by Garland Science.
The Alberts text discusses how the "cellular building blocks" move to shape developing embryos. It is also common to describe small molecules such as amino acids as "molecular building blocks". - ↑ Integrative Biology 131 - Lecture 03: Skeletal System پر يوټيوب باندې first 12 minutes of the lecture covers cells (by Marian Diamond).
- ↑ Campbell, Neil A. (2006). Biology: Exploring Life. Boston, Massachusetts: Pearson Prentice Hall. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-13-250882-6. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Mitzi Perdue. "Facts about Birds and Eggs". د لاسرسينېټه ۱۵ اپرېل ۲۰۱۰. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ Maton, Anthea (1997). Cells Building Blocks of Life. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-13-423476-6. الوسيط
|CitationClass=تم تجاهله (مساعدة) - ↑ "... I could exceedingly plainly perceive it to be all perforated and porous, much like a Honey-comb, but that the pores of it were not regular [..] these pores, or cells, [..] were indeed the first microscopical pores I ever saw, and perhaps, that were ever seen, for I had not met with any Writer or Person, that had made any mention of them before this. . ." – Hooke describing his observations on a thin slice of cork. Robert Hooke