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۱۷۵ کرښه: ۱۷۵ کرښه:
''See also:''
''See also:''


*[[Music of Guatemala]]
* [[Music of Guatemala]]
*[[List of Latin American artists]]
* [[List of Latin American artists]]


== Miscellaneous topics ==
== Miscellaneous topics ==
{{sisterlinks|Guatemala}}
{{sisterlinks|Guatemala}}


*[[Communications in Guatemala]]
* [[Communications in Guatemala]]
*[[Foreign relations of Guatemala]]
* [[Foreign relations of Guatemala]]
*[[List of national parks of Guatemala]]
* [[List of national parks of Guatemala]]
*[[List of places in Guatemala]]
* [[List of places in Guatemala]]
*[[List of Guatemalans|List of famous Guatemalans]]
* [[List of Guatemalans|List of famous Guatemalans]]
*[[Military of Guatemala]]
* [[Military of Guatemala]]
*[[Plan de Sánchez massacre]]
* [[Plan de Sánchez massacre]]
*[[Transportation in Guatemala]]
* [[Transportation in Guatemala]]


== External links ==
== External links ==
*[http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1020262398293 UK Foreign Office Country Profile for Guatemala]
* [http://www.fco.gov.uk/servlet/Front?pagename=OpenMarket/Xcelerate/ShowPage&c=Page&cid=1007029394365&a=KCountryProfile&aid=1020262398293 UK Foreign Office Country Profile for Guatemala]
*[http://lakjer.dk/mikkel/spanish.shtml Spanish Schools in Guatemala]
* [http://lakjer.dk/mikkel/spanish.shtml Spanish Schools in Guatemala]
*http://www.casaxelaju.com Volunteer work, internship and Spanish programs
* http://www.casaxelaju.com Volunteer work, internship and Spanish programs
*[http://www.congreso.gob.gt/ Congreso de la República] – Congress of the Republic of Guatemala (in Spanish)
* [http://www.congreso.gob.gt/ Congreso de la República] – Congress of the Republic of Guatemala (in Spanish)
*[http://www.oj.gob.gt Organismo Judicial de Guatemala] Judicial Branch of Guatemala (in Spanish)
* [http://www.oj.gob.gt Organismo Judicial de Guatemala] Judicial Branch of Guatemala (in Spanish)
*[http://www.guatemala.gob.gt/ Gobierno de Guatemala] Guatemalan Government Page(in Spanish)
* [http://www.guatemala.gob.gt/ Gobierno de Guatemala] Guatemalan Government Page(in Spanish)
*[http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ Instituto de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Metereologia E Hidrologia] Guatemala's Institute Of Seismology, Vulcanology, Metereology And Hydrology
* [http://www.insivumeh.gob.gt/ Instituto de Sismologia, Vulcanologia, Metereologia E Hidrologia] Guatemala's Institute Of Seismology, Vulcanology, Metereology And Hydrology
*[http://www.inguat.gob.gt Guatemala Institute of Tourism].
* [http://www.inguat.gob.gt Guatemala Institute of Tourism].
*[http://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_guatemala_yucatan.html Guatemala from Space]
* [http://earthfromspace.photoglobe.info/spc_guatemala_yucatan.html Guatemala from Space]
*[http://www.mayaspirit.com.gt/ Maya Spirit] – (in Spanish)
* [http://www.mayaspirit.com.gt/ Maya Spirit] – (in Spanish)
*[http://www.roseeducation.org The Rose Education Foundation]
* [http://www.roseeducation.org The Rose Education Foundation]
*[http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/gtm-summary-eng Amnesty International Annual Report 2004 – Guatemala]
* [http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/gtm-summary-eng Amnesty International Annual Report 2004 – Guatemala]
*[http://www.photoglobe.info/bl_guatemala/ PhotoGlobe - Guatemala] - georeferenced photos of Guatemala
* [http://www.photoglobe.info/bl_guatemala/ PhotoGlobe - Guatemala] - georeferenced photos of Guatemala
*[http://www.nisgua.org NISGUA] Network in Solidarity with the People of Guatemala
* [http://www.nisgua.org NISGUA] Network in Solidarity with the People of Guatemala
*[http://www.guatemalabelize.com ] News and Project information on Guatemalan-Belizean Confidence-building in language activities, photos, news articles and official country links.
* [http://www.guatemalabelize.com ] News and Project information on Guatemalan-Belizean Confidence-building in language activities, photos, news articles and official country links.
*[http://www.confidence2.org ] FCO News and Reports on UK Confidence-Building Project information for Guatemala and Belize.
* [http://www.confidence2.org ] FCO News and Reports on UK Confidence-Building Project information for Guatemala and Belize.
*[http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Images/images21.html color photography of Guatemala - ]
* [http://www.losttrails.com/pages/Images/images21.html color photography of Guatemala - ]
*[http://www.atitlan.net Pictures of Guatemala]
* [http://www.atitlan.net Pictures of Guatemala]
* [http://www.atitlan.net/guatemala-map.htm Guatemala Map]
* [http://www.atitlan.net/guatemala-map.htm Guatemala Map]


۲۷۳ کرښه: ۲۷۳ کرښه:
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[[ht:Gwatemala]]
[[hu:Guatemala]]
[[hu:Guatemala]]
[[hy:Գվաթեմալա]]
[[hy:Գվատեմալա]]
[[ia:Guatemala]]
[[ia:Guatemala]]
[[id:Guatemala]]
[[id:Guatemala]]

د ۰۰:۴۹, ۳۰ جون ۲۰۱۰ بڼه

بيرغ دوتنه:GUAcoat.jpg نښان
د ګواتيمالا
نخشه
موقعيت
 -  اوبه (%) 0.4
د وګړو شمېر
 -  July 2005 estimate 14,655,189 (70th)
نا خالص داخلي تولید (PPP) 2005 اټکل
 -  ټولټال $62.78 billion (71st)
 -  پر کس $4,300 (143rd)
بشري پرمختيا (2003) 0.663 (medium) (117th)
د وخت سيمه (UTC-6)
د انټرنټ مخکښ شپول .gt
پيل ګڼ 502

The Republic of Guatemala (Spanish: República de Guatemala, IPA: [re'puβlika ðe gwate'mala]) is a country in Central America, in the south of the continent of North America, situated between the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea. It is bordered by مکسيکو to the north, Belize to the northeast, and هندوراس and اېلسلوادور to the southeast.

History

آرنۍ ليکنه: History of Guatemala

From the 3rd century BC to the 11th century AD, the lowlands area of the Petén and Izabal regions of Guatemala were inhabited by several indigenous states of Mayan ethnicity. There were also many tribal groups of the K'iche ethnia on the central highlands. Alta Verapaz is known for the fact that, after failing to conquer it by the sword the Spanish entered by the Church, with missionaries who defended the Indians from the cruel treatments of the Spanish army. Many Pre-Columbian Mayan books were lost due to the policy of the Spaniards during the colonial period of burning them. However, several survive, including: The "Popol Vuh", "Anales de los Kakchiqueles", and "Chilam Balam", books that were discovered and preserved by Spanish missionary friars. The name "Goathemala" was given by the Spanish conquistadores to this land, which derives from indigenous words that mean "Land of many trees".

During the Spanish colonial period, Guatemala was a Captaincy General (Capitanía General de Goathemala) of Spain. It extended from the Soconusco region - located in what is now the southern part of Mexico (states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Quintana Roo, and Yucatan) - to Costa Rica. From a political point of view, this region was not as rich in mineral resources (gold and silver) as Mexico and Peru were. Therefore, it did not have the same importance as those two Viceroyalties had. Its main products were sugarcane, cocoa, and añil (dye obtained from indigo plant to dye textiles), and also precious woods that were used in famous artworks for churches and palaces in Spain.

Tired of being forced to trade exclusively with Spain, the Guatemalan elite declared independence of Spain in September 15, 1821. At that time, the Guatemalan Republic included the Soconusco region, as well as what are now the countries of El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and Costa Rica. Such a big country had a mere 1.5 million habitants, mostly concentrated in the urban centers of the young Republic.

However, in 1822, the province of El Salvador convinced the other Guatemalan provinces to join the Mexican Empire, an idea created by Agustin Iturbide. This Empire was short-lived, however, and a year later Guatemala separated itself from Mexico after Iturbide was forced to abdicate and his empire collapsed. As a result of this annexation, Guatemala lost the Chiapas and Soconusco regions, which are now part of Mexico. After this, the Guatemalan provinces formed the United Provinces of Central America, also referred to as the Central American Federation (Federacion de Estados Centroamericanos). The Capital City remained Guatemala City, which to this day continues to be the biggest and most modern urban center in the entire Central American region.

A politically unstable period followed, aggravated by the collapse of the world market for añil (indigo), main export product from the region to Europe. This resulted in each province separating itself from the Federation, beginning with the province of Costa Rica. This confederation fell apart in 1838 to 1840, and Guatemala became an independent nation.

Guatemala has long claimed all or part of the territory of neighboring Belize, formerly part of the Spanish colony. However, Great Britain occupied this territory, and Belize remains English-speaking to this day. While Guatemala recognized Belize's independence in 1991, the territorial dispute between them has not yet been finalized. Negotiations are currently underway under the auspices of the Organization of American States to conclude the dispute. For details, see: [۱], and the OAS page [۲].

Guatemalan history has been marked by the Cold War between the USA and the USSR. The Central Intelligence Agency, supported by a small group of Guatemalan citizens, orchestrated the overthrow of the democratic socialist freely-elected Guatemalan government in 1954. This was known as Operation PBSUCCESS and led to over thirty years of unrest in the nation during which over 200,000 Guatemalans were killed (students, workers, professionals and opossitors of all political tendencies during the first 10 years of the repression and thuosands of mostly Mayan Indians in the last phases of the conflict), more than 450 Mayan villages were destroyed, and over one million people became refugees. This is considered to be one of the worst ethnic cleansings in modern Latin America. Contributing reasons include US support of every successive, mostly non-democratic and military governments in Guatemala. From the 1950s until the 1990s, the U.S. directly supported Guatemala's army by supplying it with combatant training, weaponry, and money. The U.S. sent the Green Berets to Guatemala to transform its Army into a "modern counter-insurgency force," making their army the most powerful and sophisticated in Central America.

Further involvement of the CIA in Guatemala included the training of 5,000 anti-Castro Cubans and airstrips in its territory for what would become the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion.

1996 marked the end of a bloody 36-year war with the guerrilla Guatemalan National Revolutionary Unity (URNG). The peace accord was negotiated between the guerrillas and the government of President Álvaro Arzú. Since then, the country has enjoyed successive democractic elections, most recently in 2003. However, corruption is still rampant throughout all levels of government. A huge cache of National Police files discovered in December of 2005 revealed methods of public security officials to quell unrest of citizens during the civil war [۳].

Militarily, the Guatemalan army could not defeated the URNG, more so when the guerillas had acces to more sofisticated weapons and the conflict ended in a stalemate. The army controled the urban centers and the URNG dominated the countryside. Due to the rampant torture, dissapearences, and the policy of "scorched earth" and many other brutal methods the military used, the country became a pariah state internationally. In 1992, the Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to Rigoberta Menchú, an indigenous human rights activist, for her efforts to bring international attention to the government-sponsored genocide against the indigenous population.

Politics

Main article: Politics of Guatemala

Guatemala's unicameral parliament, the Congreso de la República (Congress of the Republic) with 158 seats, is elected every four years, concurrently with the presidential elections. The President of Guatemala acts as the head of state and head of government. In his executive tasks, he is assisted by a cabinet of ministers, which he appoints.

See also: Guatemala election, 2003

Administrative Divisions

Main article: Departments of Guatemala

The departments of Guatemala

Guatemala is divided into 22 departments (departamentos) and sub-divided into about 331 municipalities (municipios).

The departments include:

  1. Alta Verapaz
  2. Baja Verapaz
  3. Chimaltenango
  4. Chiquimula
  5. El Petén
  6. El Progreso
  7. El Quiché
  8. Escuintla
  9. Guatemala
  10. Huehuetenango
  11. Izabal
  1. Jalapa
  2. Jutiapa
  3. Quetzaltenango
  4. Retalhuleu
  5. Sacatepéquez
  6. San Marcos
  7. Santa Rosa
  8. Sololá
  9. Suchitepequez
  10. Totonicapán
  11. Zacapa

Geography

دوتنه:Gt-map.jpg
Map of Guatemala

Main article: Geography of Guatemala

Except for the south coastal area, and the vast lowlands of the Peten in the north, Guatemala is mountainous, with a hot tropical climate – more temperate in the highlands, and drier in the easternmost departments. All of the major cities are situated in the southern half of the country; the major cities are the capital Guatemala City, Quetzaltenango and Escuintla. The largest lake Lago de Izabal is situated close to the Caribbean coast. Guatemala's location on the Atlantic Ocean has left it a target for hurricanes, including Hurricane Mitch in 1998 and Hurricane Stan in 2005, in which upwards of 1,500 died.

Economy

Main article: Economy of Guatemala

The agricultural sector accounts for one quarter of GDP, two-thirds of exports, and half of the labor force. Coffee, sugar, and bananas are the main products. Manufacturing and construction account for one-fifth of GDP.

The signing of the peace accords in December 1996, which ended 36 years of civil war, removed a major obstacle to foreign investment. In 1998, Hurricane Mitch caused relatively little damage to Guatemala compared to its neighbors.

Remaining challenges include beefing up government revenues, negotiating further assistance from international donors, and increasing the efficiency and openness of both government and private financial operations.

In 2005, after massive street protests, Guatemala's congress ratified the Dominican Republic - Central American Free Trade Agreement (DR-CAFTA) between several Central American nations and the U.S.. However, owing to the extensive damage and economic impacts caused by Hurricane Stan in October 2005, the government is in period of stand-by analysis and acceptance as it contemplates how it will be possible to implement the mechanisms and stipulations of the DR-CAFTA by the due starting date in February of 2006.

Demographics

Main article: Demographics of Guatemala

According to the CIA World Fact Book, Mestizos, known as Ladinos in Central America, (mixed Amerindian-Spanish) and a small population of Europeans (primarily of Spanish, German, English, Italian, and Scandinavian descent) comprise 60% of the population and Amerindians comprise approximately 40% of the population (K'iche (Quiché) 9.1%, Kaqchikel 8.4%, Mam 7.9%, Q'eqchi 6.3%, other Mayan 8.6%, indigenous non-Mayan 0.2%, other 0.1%).

CIA World Fact Book - http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/gt.html

Though most of Guatemala's population is rural, urbanization is accelerating. Guatemala City (approx. 3 million residents) is expanding at a rapid rate, and Quetzaltenango, the second largest city (approx. 250 thousand residents), is growing as well. Rural to urban migration is fueled by a combination of government neglect of the countryside, low farm gate prices, oppressive labor conditions on rural plantations, the high concentration of arable land in the hands of a few wealthy families, and the (often unrealistic) perception of higher wages in the city. Generally impoverished farmers move to the outskirts of the city in precarious dwellings on the slopes of ravines. In addition, since 2001 the US has been deporting at a high rate. Many Guatemalans return from Southern California after joining youth gangs. Crime is epidemic in Guatemala City and is a growing concern in Quetzaltenango and other smaller cities.

The predominant religion is Roman Catholicism, into which many indigenous Guatemalans have incorporated traditional forms of worship. Protestantism and traditional Mayan religions are practiced by an estimated 33% and 1% of the population, respectively.

Language

Although the official language is Spanish, it is not universally understood among the indigenous population; 23 distinct Mayan languages are still spoken, especially in rural areas.

The Peace Accords signed in December 1996 provide for the translation of some official documents and voting materials into several indigenous languages (see summary of main substantive accords).

Roman Catholicism was the dominant religion during the colonial era. However, Protestant denominations have increased markedly in recent decades, especially under the brutal dictatorship of evangelical pastor General Efraín Ríos Montt. Around 1 in 3 Guatemalans are Protestant chiefly Evangelical, and Pentecostal. The remainder are Roman Catholic.

Practice of traditional Mayan religions is increasing as a result of the cultural protections established in the peace accords. The government has instituted a policy of providing altars at every Mayan ruin found in the country so that traditional ceremonies may be performed there.

The Jewish population numbers about 1,000.

The current Roman-Catholic leader of Guatemala is Mons. Álvaro Leonel Ramazzini Imeri.

Education

The government runs a number of public elementary and secondary-level schools. These schools are theoretically tuition-free. However, the cost of uniforms, books, supplies, and transportation limits their availability to the lower classes. Also, many families of the middle and upper-class send their children to private schools throughout the country. The country also has one public university (Universidad de San Carlos de Guatemala), and 7 private ones (see List of universities in Guatemala).

Culture

Main article: Culture of Guatemala

Influences of the Maya and the Spanish colonists are strong throughout Guatemala. In the cities, European influence (especially German) is well evidenced. Much of the clothing and food is still made in the traditional Mayan way in small villages in the highlands, and many Mayan ruins are scattered around the countryside. Along the small Caribbean coast, there are influences of African culture in the religious ceremonial songs, dances and food. The Afro-Guatemalan population, known as Garifunas are descendants of escaped slaves who settled along the Caribbean coast of Central America.

See also:

Miscellaneous topics

کينډۍ:Sisterlinks

External links

کينډۍ:Central America

کينډۍ:North America