سربيا

کينډۍ:Infobox Country سربيا, officially the د سربيا جمهوريت (Serbian Cyrillic: Република Србија, Latin: Republika Srbija, ), is a landlocked country in Central and Southeastern Europe, covering the central part of the Balkan Peninsula and the southern part of the Pannonian Plain. The capital is Belgrade. Serbia borders هنګري to the north; رومانيا او بلغاريه/بلغارستان to the east; the مقدونيه to the south; او مانټېنېګرو, کروآسيا and Bosnia and Herzegovina to the west.

Placed under Ottoman occupation in the 15th century, the uprisings against Turkish yoke between 1804-1815 reestablished Serbia as a state which obtained formal independence in 1878. Victorious in Balkan wars and World War I, for nearly a century Serbia was part of various South Slavic states, including the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes from 1918 to 1941 (re-named the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929), the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1992, the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia from 1992 to 2003, and the State Union Serbia and Montenegro from 2003 to 2006. After Montenegro voted to leave the State Union, Serbia officially proclaimed its independence on June 5, 2006, as the successor state to the State Union Serbia and Montenegro.

جغرافيه

آرنۍ ليکنه: د سربيا جغرافيه

Serbia is located in the Balkans (a historically and geographically distinct region of southeastern Europe) and in the Pannonian Plain (a region of central Europe). It shares borders with Albania, Montenegro, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Hungary, the Republic of Macedonia, and Romania. Serbia is landlocked, although the Danube River provides shipping access to inland Europe and the Black Sea.

Serbia's terrain ranges from the rich, fertile plains of the northern Vojvodina region, limestone ranges and basins in the east, and, in the southeast, ancient mountains and hills. The north is dominated by the Danube River. A tributary, the Morava River, flows through the more mountainous southern regions.

Climate

The Serbian climate varies between a continental climate in the north, with cold winters, and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall patterns, and a more Adriatic climate in the south with hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy inland snowfall.

Cities

آرنۍ ليکنه: Serbian cities

دوتنه:Sr-map.png

Map of Serbia

Major cities (over 100,000 inhabitants) - 2002 census data, for Kosovo and Metohija current World Gazetteer estimates (unofficial):

• Beograd (Belgrade): 1,273,651 (inner city area); 1,576,124 (with suburbs)
• Novi Sad: 215,659 (298,139 greater metropolitan area)
• Priština: between 200,000 (2002 estimate) and 262,686 (2006 estimate)
• Niš: 173,724 (250,518 greater metropolitan area)
• Kragujevac: 147.473 (180.252 greater metropolitan area)
• Prizren: between 121,000 (2002 estimate) and 165,227 (2006 estimate)
• Subotica: 99,471 (147,758 greater metropolitan area)

National parks

Serbia has five national parks:

• Fruška Gora (250 km²)
• Kopaonik (120 km²)
• Tara (220 km²)
• Đerdap (Iron Gate) (640 km²)
• Šar-planina (390 km²)

تاريخ

آرنۍ ليکنه: د سربيا تاريخ

1. REDIRECT کينډۍ:دا هم وگورئ

Medieval Serbia

Tsar Stefan Dušan the Great of the Serbian Empire.

The roots of the Serbian state date back to the 7th century and the House of Vlastimirović. A Serbian kingdom (centered around Duklja) was established in the 11th century. It lasted until the end of the 12th century.

The medieval Serbian state was re-formed in the Raška region in the 12th century by the Serbian Grand Župan Stefan Nemanja. In 1220, under Stefan the First Crowned, Serbia became a kingdom, and in 1346, Stefan Dušan established the Serbian Empire. The Empire was disintegrated and fell to the Ottoman Turks after the historic Battle of Kosovo in 1389. The northern Serbian territories (the Serbian Despotate) were totally conquered in 1459 when Smederevo fell. Bosnia fell a few years after Smederevo, and Herzegovina in 1482.

Ottoman Serbia

Following the collapse of Serbian Empire in Battle of Kosovo, between 1459 and 1804, Serbia was under the Ottoman occupation, despite three Austrian invasions and numerous rebellions (such as the Banat Uprising). Islam was in a period of expansion during this time, especially in Raska, Kosovo and Bosnia. Many Serbs (and Croats) converted to Islam, which eventually led to the forming of the Bosniak nation. The Ottoman period was a defining one in the history of the country; Slavic, Byzantine, Arabic and Turkish cultures suffused. Many contemporary cultural traits can be traced back to Ottoman period.

Modern Serbia

Main article: History of Modern Serbia

Austrian and Ottoman Serbia in 1849

The First Serbian Uprising of 1804-1813, led by Đorđe Petrović (also known as Karađorđe or "Black George"), and the Second Serbian Uprising of 1815 resulted in the establishment of the Principality of Serbia. As it was semi-independent from the Ottoman Empire, it is considered to be the precursor of the formation of modern Serbia.

From 1815 to 1903, the Serbian state was ruled by the House of Obrenović, except from 1842 to 1858, when Serbia was ruled by Prince Aleksandar Karađorđević. In 1903, the House of Obrenović was replaced by the House of Karađorđević, who were descendants of Đorđe Petrović.

In the northern part of present-day Serbia that was ruled by the Austrian Empire, the local Serbs created in 1848 their autonomous region known as the Serbian Vojvodina. The region was in 1849 transformed into new Austrian crownland known as the Vojvodina of Serbia and Tamiš Banat. Although, the crownland was abolished in 1860, the Serbs from the Vojvodina region gained another oportunity to achieve their political demands in 1918.

The struggle for a modern society, human rights and a nation-state in Serbia lasted almost three decades and was completed with the adoption of the constitution on 15th February 1835. In 1876, Montenegro, Serbia, and Bosnia declared war against the Ottoman Empire and proclaimed their unification. However, the Treaty of Berlin of 1878, which was signed at the Congress of Berlin by the Great Powers, granted complete independence only to Serbia and Montenegro, leaving Bosnia and Raška to Austria-Hungary, who blocked their unification until the Balkan Wars of 1912 and 1913 and WWI.

Karađorđe Petrović, leader of the First Serbian uprising in 1804.

On 28 June 1914 the assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria at Sarajevo in Austria-Hungary by Gavrilo Princip, a South Slav unionist, Austrian subject and member of Young Bosnia, led to Austria-Hungary declaring war on Serbia. The Russian Empire started to mobilise its troops in defence of its ally Serbia, which resulted in the German Empire declaring war on Russia in support of its ally Austria-Hungary. However, as German military planners wished to avoid a war on two fronts against both Russia and France, they attacked France first. This eventually culminated in all the major European Powers being drawn into the war. The Serbian Army won several major victories against Austria-Hungary during World War I, but it was finally overpowered by the joint forces of the German Empire, Austria-Hungary and Bulgaria. In World War I, Serbia had 1,264,000 casualties — 28% of its total population, and 58% of its male population.

Between the wars

After 1918, Serbia, along with Montenegro, was a founding member of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, later known as the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. During World War II, Serbia was a German-occupied puppet state that included present-day Central Serbia and Banat, popularly called Nedić's Serbia. However, parts of the present-day territory of Serbia were occupied by Croatian, Hungarian, Bulgarian, Albanian, and Italian armies. The occupying powers committed numerous crimes against the civilian population, especially against Serbs and Jews.

Post WWII

In 1945, Serbia was established as one of the federal units of the second Yugoslavia, the Socialist Federative Republic of Yugoslavia, led by Josip Broz Tito until his death in 1980.

After the collapse of the second Yugoslavia in 1992 until the year 2003, Serbia, together with Montenegro, was part of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. Despite civil wars in neighbouring Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Serbia remained peaceful until 1998, when the clashes with K.L.A. started in Kosovo.

Between 1998 and 1999, continued clashes in Kosovo between Serbian and Yugoslav security forces and the K.L.A. prompted a NATO aerial bombardment which lasted for 78 days. The attacks were stopped when Yugoslav president Slobodan Milošević agreed to remove all security forces, including the military and the police, and have them replaced by a body of international police, in return for which Kosovo would formally remain within the Yugoslav Federation (See: Kosovo War).

In September 2000, opposition parties claimed that Milosevic committed fraud in routine federal elections. Street protests and rallies throughout Serbia eventually forced Milosevic to concede and hand over power to the recently formed Democratic Opposition of Serbia (DOS), a broad coalition of anti-Milosevic parties.

The fall of Milosevic led to end of the international isolation Serbia suffered during the Milosevic years. Serbia's new democratic leaders announced that Serbia would seek to join the European Union and NATO. In October 2005, the EU opened negotiations with Serbia for a Stabilization and Association Agreement (SAA), a preliminary step towards joining the EU.

From 2003 to 2006, Serbia was part of the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro, into which the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia had been transformed. On May 21, 2006, Montenegro held a referendum to determine whether or not to end the union with Serbia. The next day, state-certified results showed 55.5% of voters in favor of independence, which was just above the 55% required by the referendum. On June 3, the Parliament of Montenegro declared Montenegro independent of the State Union and on June 5, the National Assembly of Serbia declared Serbia the successor to the State Union.

حکومت & سياست

آرنۍ ليکنه: د سربيا سياست

1. REDIRECT کينډۍ:دا هم وگورئ

دوتنه:TadicBoris.PNG

Boris Tadić, President of Serbia

On 4 February 2003 the parliament of the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia agreed to a weaker form of cooperation between Serbia and Montenegro within a commonwealth called Serbia and Montenegro. The union ceased to exist following Montenegrin and Serbian declarations of independence in June 2006.

After the ousting of Slobodan Milošević on 5 October 2000, the country was governed by the Democratic Opposition of Serbia. Tensions gradually increased within the coalition until the Democratic Party of Serbia (DSS) left the government, leaving the Democratic Party (DS) in overall control. Nevertheless, in March 2004 the DSS gathered enough support to form the new Government of Serbia, together with G17 Plus and coalition SPO-NS, and the support of the Socialist Party of Serbia, who do not take part in the government, but in exchange for the support hold minor government and justice positions and influence policies. The Prime Minister of Serbia is Vojislav Koštunica, leader of the Democratic Party of Serbia.

The current President of Serbia is Boris Tadić, leader of the Democratic Party (DS). He was elected with 53% of the vote in the second round of the Serbian presidential election held on 27 June 2004, following several unsuccessful elections since 2002.

اداري ولايتونه

آرنۍ ليکنه: Subdivisions of Serbia

1. REDIRECT کينډۍ:دا هم وگورئ

دوتنه:Srbija okruzi.png

Political map of Serbia

Serbia is divided into 29 districts (5 of which are in Kosovo, currently UN-administered) and the City of Belgrade. The districts are further divided into 108 municipalities. Serbia two autonomous provinces: Kosovo and Metohija in the south (30 municipalities), which is presently under the administration of the United Nations, and Vojvodina in the north (46 municipalities).

The part of Serbia that is neither in Kosovo nor in Vojvodina is called Central Serbia. Central Serbia is not an administrative division (unlike the two autonomous provinces), and it has no regional government of its own. In English this region is often called "Serbia proper" to denote "the part of the Republic of Serbia not including the provinces of Vojvodina and Kosovo", as the Library of Congress puts it [۱]. This usage was also employed in Serbo-Croatian during the Yugoslav era (in the form of "uža Srbija" literally: narrower Serbia). Its use in English is purely geographical without any particular political meaning being implied.

Demographics

آرنۍ ليکنه: Demographics of Serbia

1. REDIRECT کينډۍ:دا هم وگورئ

دوتنه:Slovaci u Srbiji.jpg

Slovaks in Serbia during a traditional dance

Serbia is populated mostly by Serbs. Significant minorities include Albanians (who are a majority in the province of Kosovo-Metohia), Hungarians, Bosniaks, Roma, Croats, Slovaks, Bulgarians, Romanians, etc. Serbia consists of three territories: the province of Kosovo and Metohia, the province of Vojvodina and Central Serbia (Serbian Cyrillic: Централна Србија, Serbian Latin: Centralna Srbija, English: Central Serbia. Note: The English language sometimes uses the varieties such are "Serbia proper" or "Narrower Serbia"). The two provinces are ethnically diverse, which originates in the fact, that the country has been organised from parts ruled by the former Muslim Ottoman Empire in the south and parts ruled by the former Catholic Habsburg Empire in the north.

The northern province of Vojvodina is the most developed part of the country in terms of economic strength. Together with the former Yugoslav republics of Slovenia, Croatia and Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vojvodina was under the administration of Austria-Hungary before the First World War. Vojvodina is one of the most ethnically diverse territories in Europe, with more than 25 different national communities. According to the last completed census (2002), the province has a population of about 2 million, of which: Serbs 65%, Hungarians 14.3%, Slovaks 2.79%, Croats 2.78%, undeclared 2.71%, Yugoslavs 2.45%, Montenegrins 1.75%, Romanians 1.50%, Roma 1.43%, Bunjevci 0.97%, Ruthenians 0.77%, Macedonians 0.58%, regional affiliation 0.50%, Ukrainians 0.23%, others (Albanians, Slovenians, Germans, Poles, Chinese etc).

Population statistics of Serbia (Estimate May 2005)

• Serbia (total): 9,396,411
  • Vojvodina: 2,116,725
  • Central Serbia: 5,479,686
  • Kosovo and Metohija: 1,800,000

اقتصاد

آرنۍ ليکنه: د سربيا اقتصاد

GDP and growth

Gross Domestic Product
Real GDP (PPP): $41.15 billion (2005 est.) (Source: CIA [۲]) $43.46 billion (2005 est.; for former Serbia and Montenegro) (Source: IMF [۳])
Real GDP per capita (PPP): $4,400 (2005 est.) (Source: CIA [۴]) $5,203 (2005 est.; for former Serbia and Montenegro) (Source: IMF [۵])
Real GDP (exchange rate conversion): $19.19 billion (2005 est.; excl. Kosovo) (Source: CIA [۶]) $26.59 billion (2005 est.; for former Serbia and Montenegro) (Source: IMF [۷])
Real GDP per capita (exchange rate conversion): $3183.76 (2005 est.; for former Serbia and Montenegro) (Source: IMF [۸])
Real GDP growth rate (2005): 5.9% (2005 est.; excl. Kosovo) (Source: CIA [۹])

Other statistics
Industrial production growth rate: 7.1% (2004), 1.3% (2005)
Unemployment rate: 20.0% (2005) (31.6% with Kosovo)
Inflation: 15.5% (2005)
Foreign debt: $15.43 Billion (2005)
FDI (2005): $1 481 Million (Source: NBS [۱۰])

کلتور/فرهنگ

آرنۍ ليکنه: Serbian culture

The Gusle, Serbian national music instrument

Serbia is one of Europe's most culturally diverse countries. The borders between large empires ran through the territory of today's Serbia for long periods in history: between the Eastern and Western halves of the Roman Empire; and between the Ottoman Empire and the Austrian Empire (later Austria Hungary). As a result, while the north is culturally Central European, the south is rather more Oriental. Of course, both regions have influenced each other, and so the distinction between north and south is artificial to some extent.

The Byzantine Empire's influence on Serbia was perhaps the greatest. Serbs are Orthodox Christians, not Roman Catholics, with their own national church - the Serbian Orthodox Church. They use both the Cyrillic and Latin alphabets, as a result of both Eastern and Western influences. The monasteries of Serbia, built largely in the Middle Ages, are one of the most valuable and visible traces of medieval Serbia's association with the Byzantium, but also with the Romanic (Western) Europe that Serbia had close ties with back in middle ages.

Education

آرنۍ ليکنه: Education in Serbia

Education in Serbia is regulated by the Serbian Ministry of Education and Sports.

Education starts in either pre-schools or elementary schools. Children enroll in elementary schools (Serbian: Osnovna škola) at age of 7 and it lasts for eight years.

Tourism

آرنۍ ليکنه: Tourism in Serbia

Tourism in Serbia is mostly based in mountains and villages. The most famous mountain resorts are Zlatibor, Kopaonik, and the Tara. There also are a lot of spas in Serbia, one the biggest of which is the Vrnjačka Banja. There is also significant tourism in Belgrade and Novi Sad (the capital of the Vojvodina province), as well to the Exit Festival and the Guča trumpet festival.

Serbian holidays

Date	Name	Notes
January 1/2	New Year's Day
January 7	Orthodox Christmas
January 14	National Holiday (Orthodox New Year)	"Српска Нова Година" "Srpska Nova Godina"
January 27	Saint Sava's feast Day	Day of Spirituality
February 15	Sretenje	Serbian National Day
April 21	Orthodox Good Friday	Date for 2006 only
April 23	Orthodox Easter	Date for 2006 only
April 24	Orthodox Easter Monday	Date for 2006 only
May 1/2	Labour Day
May 9	Victory Day
June 28	Vidovdan (Martyr's Day)	In memory of soldiers fallen at the Battle of Kosovo

دا هم وګورۍ

• Serbian language
• Serbo-Croatian language
• Serbian literature
• Music of Serbia
  • Serbian hip hop
• Serbian cuisine
• Serbian art
• د سربيا مذهب
• Religion in Vojvodina
• Serbian Orthodox Church
• Famous Serbian people
• Culture of Serbs in Vojvodina
• Culture of Serbs in Kosovo
• Savez Izviđača Srbije
• Serbian Unity Congress
• Serbian citizenship

Infrastructure

Communications

آرنۍ ليکنه: Communications in Serbia

Transportation

آرنۍ ليکنه: Transportation in Serbia

Serbia, in particular the valley of the Morava, is often described as "the crossroads between East and West", which is one of the primary reasons for its turbulent history. The Morava valley route, which avoids mountainous regions, is by far the easiest way of travelling overland from continental Europe to Greece and Asia Minor.

European routes E65, E70, E75 and E80, as well as the E662, E761, E762, E763, E771, and E851 pass through the country. The E70 westwards from Belgrade and most of the E75 are modern highways of motorway / autobahn standard or close to that.

The Danube River, central Europe's connection to the Black Sea, flows through Serbia.

There are three international airports in Serbia: Belgrade Nikola Tesla Airport, Niš Constantine the Great Airport, and Priština International Airport (last one is located in the Serbian province of Kosovo). Three regional airports are being reconstruct at the moment, and by the end of 2006, the number of international airports in Serbia will increase.

The national carrier is Jat Airways and the railway system is operated by Beovoz in Belgrade and by Serbian Railways on the national level.

Miscellaneous

• On August 17 2004 the National Assembly of Serbia adopted Bože Pravde as the country's anthem.
• In addition, the Obrenović royal coat of arms now replaces the Coat of Arms of Serbia adopted after World War II. It was first used in the 19th century. The arms are those of the royal Obrenović dynasty; they are used in two versions, the large (pictured) and small (just the central shield with eagle and crown surmounting). Use of these arms is 'recommended' which means that the coat of arms is not yet official. It will become so if adoption of the Obrenović arms is approved by more than 50% of the voters in a constitutional referendum.
• 1564 Srbija Asteroid is discovered by Milorad B. Protić and named after Serbia.
• Serbia grows about one-third of the world's raspberries.کينډۍ:Citation-needed
• Serbian industries: machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; tanks and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery); metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium); mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone); consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances); electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals (CIA Fact Book 2006)
• As a newly independent state, Serbia will deal with assigment of international country codes.
• Serbia and Montenegro were represented by a single football team in the 2006 FIFA World Cup tournament, despite having formally split just days prior to its start. Following this event, this team is to be inherited by Serbia, while a new one is to be organized to represent Montenegro in future international competition.

Gallery

• Kalemegdan, Belgrade
  Kalemegdan, Belgrade
• The historical urban core of Belgrade (view from river Sava)
  The historical urban core of Belgrade (view from river Sava)
• 
  Niš
  Monument to the liberators
• 
  Museum of Genocide in Kragujevac
• 
  National Theatre in Subotica
• City Hall and monument of king Peter I of Yugoslavia, Zrenjanin
  City Hall and monument of king Peter I of Yugoslavia, Zrenjanin
• 
  Petrovaradin Citadel over Danube (Novi Sad)
• 
  Medieval castle in Golubac
• EXIT festival
  EXIT festival
• 
  Resavska cave near Despotovac
• 
  Zlatibor tourist center

See also

• Central Serbia
• Vojvodina
• Kosovo
• Balkans
• Central Europe
• List of Serbs
• List of computer systems from Serbia
• Serbian Campaign (World War I)

باندنۍ تړنې

Government links

(In alphabetical order of the domain name.)

• People's Office of Serbian President
• National Bank of Serbia
• International Radio Serbia
• RTS - Serbian Broadcasting Corporation
• The EU integration Office of Serbian Government
• National Tourism Organisation of Serbia
• Serbian Government
• Republic of Serbia Statistical Office
• National Assembly of Serbia
• Tanjug - National News Agency

Other external links

(In alphabetical order.)

• B92 News portal
• Blic Newspaper
• CIA World Factbook profile on Serbia
• Petrovaradin fortress on-line
• Glas Javnosti Newspaper
• Krstarica Web Portal
• Foundation Rastko
• Serbian Unity Congress

کينډۍ:Europe کينډۍ:Slavic States کينډۍ:EU countries and candidates کينډۍ:Danube