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'''توکمپوهنه''' د دوه نومونو توکم او پوهنې يو تړنګنوم دی. په انګرېزي ژبه يې اېتنولوژي (د [[يوناني ژبه|يوناني]] نه ''اېتنوس'', په مانا د "توکم، يا خلک") بولي. دا پوهنه د وګړپوهنې يوه څانګه ده او په دې کې د بېلابېلو توکمونو د اصل، د وېش سيمې، د تخنيکي پرمختګ، د ژبې، د دين، د ټولنيز جوړښت او د کلتور د شننو او سره پرتللو جاج اخيستل کېږي |
'''توکمپوهنه''' د دوه نومونو توکم او پوهنې يو تړنګنوم دی. په انګرېزي ژبه يې اېتنولوژي (د [[يوناني ژبه|يوناني]] نه ''اېتنوس'', په مانا د "توکم، يا خلک") بولي. دا پوهنه د وګړپوهنې يوه څانګه ده او په دې کې د بېلابېلو توکمونو د اصل، د وېش سيمې، د تخنيکي پرمختګ، د ژبې، د دين، د ټولنيز جوړښت او د کلتور د شننو او سره پرتللو جاج اخيستل کېږي . |
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'''Ethnology''' (from the [[Greek language|Greek]] ''{{unicode|ἔθνος}}'', ''ethnos'' meaning "people, nation, race") is the branch of [[anthropology]] that compares and analyzes the origins, distribution, technology, [[religion]], [[language]], and social structure of the [[ethnicity|ethnic]], [[Race (classification of human beings)|racial]], and/or [[nation]]al divisions of humanity.<ref>{{cite book |last= Newman|first= Garfield, et al.|authorlink= |coauthors= |title= Echoes from the past: world history to the 16th century|year= 2001|publisher= McGraw-Hill Ryerson Ltd|location= Toronto|isbn= 0-07-088739-X}}</ref> |
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==Scientific Discipline== |
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Compared to [[ethnography]], the study of single groups through direct contact with the culture, ethnology takes the research that ethnographers have compiled and then compares and contrasts different cultures. The term ''ethnology'' is credited to [[Adam František Kollár|Adam Franz Kollár]] who used and defined it in his ''Historiae ivrisqve pvblici Regni Vngariae amoenitates'' published in [[Vienna]] in 1783.<ref>Zmago Šmitek and Božidar Jezernik, "The anthropological tradition in Slovenia." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. ''Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology.'' 1995.</ref> Kollár's interest in linguistic and cultural diversity was aroused by the situation in his native multi-lingual [[History of Hungary|Kingdom of Hungary]] and his roots among its [[Slovak people|Slovaks]], and by the shifts that began to emerge after the gradual retreat of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in the more distant [[Balkans#Population composition by nationality and religion|Balkans]].<ref>Gheorghiţă Geană, "Discovering the whole of humankind: the genesis of anthropology through the Hegelian looking-glass." In: Han F. Vermeulen and Arturo Alvarez Roldán, eds. Fieldwork and Footnotes: Studies in the History of European Anthropology.'' 1995.</ref> |
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Among the goals of ethnology have been the reconstruction of [[human history]], and the formulation of [[culture|cultural]] [[universal (metaphysics)|invariants]], such as the [[incest taboo]] and culture change, and the formulation of generalizations about "[[human nature]]", a concept which has been criticized since the 19<sup>th</sup> century by various philosophers ([[Hegel]], [[Marx]], [[structuralism]], etc.). In some parts of the world ethnology has developed along independent paths of investigation and [[Pedagogy|pedagogical]] doctrine, with ''[[cultural anthropology]]'' becoming dominant especially in the [[United States]], and ''[[social anthropology]]'' in [[Great Britain]]. The distinction between the three terms is increasingly blurry. Ethnology has been considered an academic field since the late 18th century especially in Europe and is sometimes conceived of as any comparative study of human groups. |
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The 15th century "discovery of America" had an important role in the new [[Occident]]al interest toward the "[[Other]]", often qualified as "savages", which was either seen as a brutal barbarian or as a "[[noble savage]]". Thus, [[civilization]] was opposed in a [[dualism|dualist]] manner to [[barbary]], a classic opposition constitutive of the even more commonly-shared [[ethnocentrism]]. The progress of ethnology, for example with [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]]'s [[structural anthropology]], led to the criticism of conceptions of a linear [[progress (philosophy)|progress]], or the pseudo-opposition between "societies with histories" and "societies without histories", judged too dependent on a limited view of [[history]] as constituted by accumulative growth. |
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Lévi-Strauss often referred to [[Montaigne]]'s [[Essays (Montaigne)|essay]] on [[cannibalism]] as an early example of ethnology. Lévi-Strauss aimed, through a [[structuralist|structural method]], at discovering universal invariants in human society, chief among which he believed to be the [[incest taboo]]. However, the claims of such cultural [[Universality (philosophy)|universalism]] have been criticized by various 19th and 20th century social thinkers, including [[Marx]], [[Nietzsche]], [[Foucault]], [[Althusser]] and [[Deleuze]]. |
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The French school of ethnology was particularly significant for the development of the discipline since the early 1950s with [[Marcel Griaule]], [[Germaine Dieterlen]], [[Claude Lévi-Strauss]] and [[Jean Rouch]]. |
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==Scholars== |
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* [[List of scholars of ethnology]] |
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== See also == |
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*[[Anthropology]] |
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*[[Cultural Survival]] |
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*[[Culture]] |
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*[[Ethnocentrism]] |
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*[[Evolutionism]] |
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*[[Functionalism]] |
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*[[Indigenous Peoples]] |
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*[[Intangible Cultural Heritage]] |
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*[[Marxism]] |
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*[[Modernism]] |
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*[[Post-Modernism]] |
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*[[Postcolonial]] |
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*[[Primitive culture]] |
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*[[Primitivism]] |
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*[[Racism]] |
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*[[Society]] |
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*[[Structural anthropology]] |
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== References == |
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{{Reflist}} |
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== Bibliography == |
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<!-- Please include only very famous or/and easily accessible works here; put original dates of publication; only a few representative works by author.--> |
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*[[Johann Georg Adam Forster]] ''Voyage round the World in His Britannic Majesty’s Sloop, Resolution, Commanded by Capt. James Cook, during the Years 1772, 3, 4, and 5'' (2 vols), London (1777) |
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*[[Claude Lévi-Strauss|Lévi-Strauss, Claude]], ''The Elementary Structures of Kinship'', (1949), ''Structural Anthropology'' (1958) |
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*[[Mauss]], Marcel, originally published as ''Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l'échange dans les sociétés archaïques'' in 1925, this classic text on [[gift economy]] appears in the English edition as '' The Gift: The Form and Reason for Exchange in Archaic Societies''. |
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*[[David Maybury-Lewis|Maybury-Lewis, David]], ''Akwe-Shavante society''. (1967), ''The Politics of Ethnicity: Indigenous Peoples in Latin American States'' (2003)[http://www.hup.harvard.edu/catalog/MAYPOL.html?show=contents]. |
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*[[Pierre Clastres|Clastres, Pierre]], ''Society Against the State'' (1974), |
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*Pop, Mihai and Glauco Sanga, ''[http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0391-9099%28198004%291%3C89%3APGDE%3E2.0.CO%3B2-O&size=LARGE&origin=JSTOR-enlargePage Problemi generali dell'etnologia europea]'' La Ricerca Folklorica, No. 1, La cultura popolare. Questioni teoriche (Apr., 1980), pp. 89–96 |
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==Websites relating to ethnology== |
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* [http://www.ethnologue.com/ Languages] describes the languages and ethnic groups found worldwide, grouped by host nation-state. |
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* [http://anthro.amnh.org/anthro.html Division of Anthropology, American Museum of Natural History] - Over 160,000 objects from Pacific, North American, African, Asian ethnographic collections with images and detailed description, linked to the original catalogue pages, field notebooks, and photographs are available online. |
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* [http://www.minpaku.ac.jp/english/ National Museum of Ethnology] - [[Osaka]], [[Japan]] |
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* [http://www.etnoloji.com/ Turkish Ethnology Source (in Turkish)] |
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[[Category:Ethnology|*]] |
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[[Category:Ethnicity]] |
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[[Category:Folklore]] |
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[[Category:Social sciences]] |
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[[Category:Sociology of culture]] |
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[[an:Etnolochía]] |
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[[ar:علم الأعراق]] |
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[[arz:اثنولوجيا]] |
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[[bat-smg:Etnoluogėjė]] |
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[[be-x-old:Этналёгія]] |
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[[bg:Етнология]] |
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[[fiu-vro:Etnoloogia]] |
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[[fr:Ethnologie]] |
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[[he:אתנולוגיה]] |
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[[hr:Etnologija]] |
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[[ht:Etnoloji]] |
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[[id:Etnologi]] |
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[[ja:民族学]] |
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[[ka:ეთნოლოგია]] |
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[[lb:Ethnologie]] |
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[[ru:Этнология]] |
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[[sr:Етнологија]] |
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[[ta:இன ஒப்பாய்வியல்]] |
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[[th:ชาติพันธุ์วิทยา]] |
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[[tr:Budunbilim]] |
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[[uk:Етнологія]] |
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[[zh:民族学]] |
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د ۱۲:۰۰, ۲۲ ډيسمبر ۲۰۰۹ بڼه
توکمپوهنه د دوه نومونو توکم او پوهنې يو تړنګنوم دی. په انګرېزي ژبه يې اېتنولوژي (د يوناني نه اېتنوس, په مانا د "توکم، يا خلک") بولي. دا پوهنه د وګړپوهنې يوه څانګه ده او په دې کې د بېلابېلو توکمونو د اصل، د وېش سيمې، د تخنيکي پرمختګ، د ژبې، د دين، د ټولنيز جوړښت او د کلتور د شننو او سره پرتللو جاج اخيستل کېږي .