د ويکيپېډيا، وړیا پوهنغونډ له خوا
Lead, 82Pb A small gray metal cube surrounded by three gray metal nuggets in front of a light gray background |
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| Pronunciation | /ˈlɛd/ (LED) |
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| Appearance | metallic gray |
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| اټومي شمیره (Z) | 82 |
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| گروپ, پیریود | group 14 (carbon group), period 6 |
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| بلاک | p-block |
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| Element category | post-transition metal |
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| معياري اټومي وزن (Ar) | کينډۍ:Val[۱] |
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| Electron configuration | [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 6p2 |
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Electrons per shell | 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |
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| حالت (at STP) | جامد |
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| دويلې کيدو ټکى | 600.61 K (327.46 °C, 621.43 °F) |
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| يشنا ټکی | 2022 K (1749 °C, 3180 °F) |
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| Density near r.t. | 11.34 g/cm3 |
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| when liquid, at m.p. | 10.66 g/cm3 |
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| Heat of fusion | 4.77 kJ/mol |
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| Heat of vaporization | 179.5 kJ/mol |
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| Molar heat capacity | 26.650 J/(mol·K) |
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Vapor pressure
| P (Pa)
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1
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10
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100
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1 k
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10 k
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100 k
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| at T (K)
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978
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1088
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1229
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1412
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1660
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2027
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| Oxidation states | 4, 3, 2, 1, −1, −2, −4 (an amphoteric oxide) |
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| Electronegativity | Pauling scale: 1.87 (+2) |
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| Ionization energies | - 1st: 715.6 kJ/mol
- 2nd: 1450.5 kJ/mol
- 3rd: 3081.5 kJ/mol
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| Atomic radius | empirical: 175 pm |
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| Covalent radius | 146±5 pm |
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| Van der Waals radius | 202 pm |
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| Crystal structure | face-centered cubic (fcc) Face-centered cubic crystal structure for lead |
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| Speed of sound thin rod | 1190 m/s (at r.t.) (annealed) |
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| Thermal expansion | 28.9 µm/(m·K) (at 25 °C) |
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| د تودوخې تېرېدنه | 35.3 W/(m·K) |
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| Electrical resistivity | 208 nΩ·m (at 20 °C) |
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| Magnetic ordering | diamagnetic |
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| Magnetic susceptibility (χmol) | −23.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 298 K) |
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| Young's modulus | 16 GPa |
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| Shear modulus | 5.6 GPa |
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| Bulk modulus | 46 GPa |
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| Poisson ratio | 0.44 |
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| Mohs hardness | 1.5 |
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| Brinell hardness | 38–50 MPa |
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| CAS Number | 7439-92-1 |
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| Discovery | in the Middle East (7000 BCE) |
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| Isotopic abundances vary greatly by sample |
| | references | in Wikidata |
لېډ (په انگرېزي: Lead) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Pb سمبول او ۸۲ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.
تاریخچه[سمول]
د استعمال ځایونه[سمول]
- ↑ Meija او نور 2016.
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 دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.
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