سېريوم

Cerium, ₅₈Ce
عمومي خواص
Pronunciation	/ˈsɪəriəm/
Appearance	silvery white
Cerium په دوراني جدول کې
lanthanum ← cerium → praseodymium	‍
اټومي شمیره (Z)	58
گروپ, پیریود	group n/a, period 6
بلاک	f-block
Element category	lanthanide
معياري اټومي وزن (Ar)	کينډۍ:Val
Electron configuration	[Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2
Electrons per shell	2, 8, 18, 19, 9, 2
فزیکي خواص
حالت (at STP)	جامد
دويلې کيدو ټکى	1068 K (795 °C, 1463 °F)
يشنا ټکی	3716 K (3443 °C, 6229 °F)
Density near r.t.	6.770 g/cm3
when liquid, at m.p.	6.55 g/cm3
Heat of fusion	5.46 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization	398 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity	26.94 J/(mol·K)
اټومي خواص
Oxidation states	4, 3, 2, 1 (a mildly basic oxide)
Electronegativity	Pauling scale: 1.12
Ionization energies	1st: 534.4 kJ/mol ; 2nd: 1050 kJ/mol ; 3rd: 1949 kJ/mol ; (more) ;
Atomic radius	empirical: 181.8 pm
Covalent radius	204±9 pm
Miscellanea
Crystal structure	double hexagonal close-packed (dhcp) ; β-Ce
Crystal structure	face-centered cubic (fcc) ; γ-Ce
Speed of sound thin rod	2100 m/s (at 20 °C)
Thermal expansion	γ, poly: 6.3 µm/(m·K) (at r.t.)
د تودوخې تېرېدنه	11.3 W/(m·K)
Electrical resistivity	β, poly: 828 nΩ·m (at r.t.)
Magnetic ordering	paramagnetic
Magnetic susceptibility (χmol)	(β) +2450.0·10−6 cm3/mol (293 K)
Young's modulus	γ form: 33.6 GPa
Shear modulus	γ form: 13.5 GPa
Bulk modulus	γ form: 21.5 GPa
Poisson ratio	γ form: 0.24
Mohs hardness	2.5
Vickers hardness	210–470 MPa
Brinell hardness	186–412 MPa
CAS Number	7440-45-1
History
Naming	after dwarf planet Ceres, itself named after Roman deity of agriculture Ceres
Discovery	Martin Heinrich Klaproth, Jöns Jakob Berzelius, Wilhelm Hisinger (1803)
First isolation	Carl Gustaf Mosander (1838)
Main isotopes of cerium
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سېريوم (په انگرېزي: Cerium) له کیمیاوي عناصرو څخه یو دی چې په تناوبي جدول کې د Ce سمبول او ۵۸ اتمي شمېرې په وسیله ښودل شوی دی.

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↑ Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.
↑ Ground levels and ionization energies for the neutral atoms, NIST
↑ Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0486-5. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)
↑ Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

دا ليکنه نابشپړه ده، تاسې ددې ليکنې په بشپړولو کې د ويکيپېډيا سره مرسته کولای شئ.

[CIAAW2016-1] Meija, J.; Coplen, T. B. (2016). "Atomic weights of the elements 2013 (IUPAC Technical Report)". Pure Appl. Chem. 88 (3): 265-91. doi:10.1515/pac-2015-0305. https://www.degruyter.com/downloadpdf/j/pac.2016.88.issue-3/pac-2015-0305/pac-2015-0305.xml.

[2] Ground levels and ionization energies for the neutral atoms, NIST

[magnet-3] Lide, D. R., المحرر (2005). "Magnetic susceptibility of the elements and inorganic compounds". CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (PDF) (الطبعة 86th). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0486-5. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

[4] Weast, Robert (1984). CRC, Handbook of Chemistry and Physics. Boca Raton, Florida: Chemical Rubber Company Publishing. د کتاب پاڼي E110. د کتاب نړيواله کره شمېره 0-8493-0464-4. الوسيط |CitationClass= تم تجاهله (مساعدة)

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