د نړۍ پخوانۍ ودانۍ
ښکارېدونکې بڼه
دا د نړۍ د ټولو نه پخوانۍ او زړو ودانيو نوملړ دی چې د تاريخ په بېلابېلو دورو کې د انسانانو له خواد بېلابېلو مقاصدو لپاره جوړې شوې او کارول شوي دي. دې نوملړ کې د نړۍ هغه زړې ودانۍ ځای پرځای شوي چې اوسمهال په روښانه توګه په نښه کېدای شي او له خپل شاوخوا چاپېريال نه جلا وي او لوړوالی يې لږ تر لږه يو نيم (۱.۵) متر وي.
عمر له مخې
[سمول]لويو وچو له مخې
[سمول]دې نوملړ کې د نړۍ ترټولو پخوانۍ ودانۍ دي چې د لويو وچو له مخې ترتيب شوي:
ودانۍ | انځور | هېواد | لويه وچه | جوړېدو نېټه | کارول | توضيح |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
مهرګړ | پاکستان | آسيا | ۲۶۰۰ مخزېږديز | |||
كوبيكلي تبه | ![]() |
تورکيه | اروپا/آسيا | ۹۵۰۰ مخزېږديز [۱] | پناه ځی | ترټولو پخوانی يادګار چې د تورکيې په ختيځ کې موقعيت لري. د دې ودانۍ د کارولو په اړه دوه بېلابېل قولونه چې لسمې او اتمې مخزېږديزې پېړې پورې اړه لري. T.[۲] |
بارننز | ![]() |
فرانسه | اروپا | ۴۸۵۰ م ز | قبر | دا د فينېسټر په شمال کې موقعیت لري. اوږدوالی یې ۷۲ متره، پلنوالی یې ۲۵ متره او لوړوالی یې له ۸ مترو څخه ډېر دی.[۳][۴] |
سيچين باجو | پيرو | سوېلي امريکا | ۳۵۰۰ م ز | پلازه | په امریکا کې ترټولو پخوانۍ پېژندل شوې ودانۍ.[۵][۶] | |
شونت الزبيب | ![]() |
مصر | افريقا | ۲۷۰۰ م ز | مړو درمسال | هغه ځانګړي جوړ شوي ځای ته وايي چې د پاچا خښولو لپاره جوړ شوی وي او وروسته د پاچا له خښولو خلکو ته د خاص مذهبي احترام وړ وي لکه د فرعونيانو اهرامونه. |
جوزېر اهرام | ![]() |
مصر | افريقا | ۲۶۶۷ - ۲۶۴۸ م ز | هرم | لويو ډبرو څخه جوړه شوې تر ټولو پخوانۍ ودانۍ.[۷] |
شهر سوخته | ايران | آسيا | ۳۲۰۰ م ز | د خټو د ښار پاتې شوني[۸] | ||
کويکويلکو اهرام | مکسيکو | شمالي امريکا | ۸۰۰ - ۶۰۰ م ز | جشنځی | د ميسوامريکايي کلتورونو له ودانيو يو ولاړ جوړښت د لمريز کليز جوړولو لومړنۍ هڅې.[۹] | |
وايبې هايېس ډبرې کلا | استراليا | استراليا | ۱۶۲۹ م ز | دفاعي کلا | په آسټرالیا کې ترټولو پخوانۍ پېژندل شوې ودانۍ، یوه دفاعي کلا چې د لوېديځ والابي ټاپو په باتاويا کښتۍ کې د ژوندي پاتې شویو لخوا کارول شوې وه.[۱۰] | |
کيپ ادار | ![]() |
روسيه | انتارکتيکا | ۱۸۸۹ م | کاشفانو کوټې | په ويکتوريا ځمکه کې د کارسټېن بورچګرېوينک له خوا جوړه شوې لرګينه ودانۍ.[۱۱] |
هېوادونو له مخې
[سمول]لاندې د ځينو هېوادونو ترټولو پخوانۍ او زړې ودانۍ دي:
ودانۍ | انځور | هېواد | لويه وچه | لومړی ځل جوړېدل | کارول | يادښت |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
تېل کارامېل | ![]() |
سوريه | آسيا | ۱۰۶۵۰–۹۶۵۰ مخزېږديز | برج | Located in Aleppo Governorate, five stone towers were found at Tell Qaramel; dated to the period from the middle of the 11th millennium مخزېږديز to about ۹۶۵۰ مخزېږديز, making them the oldest structures of this type in the world. |
ګوبېکلي تپه | ![]() |
تورکيه | آسيا | ۹۵۰۰-۷۵۰۰ مخزېږديز | ناڅرګند/شايد درمسال وي | نړۍ کې تر ټولو پخوانی درمسال. |
دوران کولک | بلغاريا | اروپا | ۵۵۰۰—۴۱۰۰ مخزېږديز | استوګنځی | The Durankulak Archaeological Complex unites three sites: Tell Golemija ostrov - the Big Island, Durankulak - the necropolis and Durankulak - the fields. On the Tell Golemija ostrov (Big Island) there are settlements from the Early Eneolithic - Hamandjia III-IV culture, the Late Eneolithic - Varna culture, ritual pits and sacrificial pylons from the Proto-Bronze and Bronze Ages - Chernavoda I and III cultures, fortified Late Bronze Age settlement - Koslogeni culture (Sabatinovka-Noua-Coslogeni "cultural complex"), ancient buildings with a cave temple of the goddess Cybele and an early medieval proto-Bulgarian settlement with several rotundas, which existed from the 9th to the beginning of the 11th century زېږديز. The total thickness of the cultural strata is 3.20 - 3.50 m. The settlement mound has seven stratigraphic horizons. | |
سولنيتساتا | ![]() |
بلغاريا | اروپا | ۵۵۰۰ مخزېږديز [۱۲] | استوګنځی | Believed to be the oldest town in Europe, Solnitsata was the site of a prehistoric fortified stone settlement and salt production facility approximately six millennia ago;[۱۳] it flourished ca 4700–4200 مخزېږديز.[۱۴] The settlement was walled to protect the salt, a crucial commodity in antiquity.[۱۵] Although its population has been estimated at only 350,[۱۵] archaeologist Vassil Nikolov argues that it meets established criteria as a prehistoric city.[۱۶] A large collection of the oldest gold objects in the world find nearby, on the site of the Varna Necropolis, has led archaeologists to speculate that this trade resulted in considerable wealth for the town's residents.[۱۳] |
لانس او ميدوز | ![]() |
کاناډا | شمالي امريکا | ۱۰۰۰ زېږديز حدودو کې. | استوګنځی | Located on the northernmost tip of the island of Newfoundland, the Norse settlement is widely accepted as evidence of pre-Columbian trans-oceanic contact. |
شيماو | چين | آسيا | 2300–۲۰۰۰ مخزېږديز | استوګنځی | Fortified Neolithic site, centered on a large stepped pyramid with a height of 70m.[۱۷] | |
د مقدس جورج کلیسا | ![]() |
چک جمهوريت | اروپا | ۹۲۰ زېږديز حدودو کې. | کليسا | Located within Prague Castle in the Czech Republic capital Prague. The building now houses the 19th century Bohemian Art Collection of National Gallery in Prague. |
هولبجېرګ لارګور | ![]() |
ډېنمارک | اروپا | ۳۰۰۰ مخزېږديز | لارلرونکی قبر | The Hulbjerg passage grave is concealed by a round barrow on the southern tip of the island of Langeland. One of the skulls found there showed traces of the world's earliest dentistry work.[۱۸] |
وېسټ کېنېټ لانګ بارو | ![]() |
برېتانيا (انګلستان) | اروپا | ۳۶۵۰ مخزېږديز | مړيستون(ارامځای) | Located near Silbury Hill and Avebury stone circle.[۱۹] |
يحا | ![]() |
اېتوپيا | افريقا | ۵۰۰ مخزېږديز | درمسال | اېتوپيا کې تر ټولو پخوانۍ ولاړه ودانۍ (جوړښت) |
Barnenez | ![]() |
فرانسه | اروپا | ۴۸۵۰ مخزېږديز | Passage grave | Located in northern Finistère and partially restored. The structure is 72 m long, 25 m wide and over 8 m high.[۳][۴] The oldest known building in Eurasia. |
Porta Nigra | ![]() |
جرمني | اروپا | ۱۸۰ زېږديز | Roman city gate | It is today the largest Roman city gate north of the Alps.[۲۰] |
Knossos | ![]() |
يونان | اروپا | ۲۰۰۰–۱۳۰۰ مخزېږديز | Palace | Minoan structure on a Neolithic site.[۲۱] |
Dholavira | هند | آسيا | ۳۵۰۰ مخزېږديز | سړوبی | A planned urban settlement comprising reservoirs, pottery artifacts, seals, ornaments, vessels, etc. | |
Chogha Zanbil | ![]() |
ايران | آسيا | ۱۲۵۰ مخزېږديز | درمسال | One of the few extant ziggurats outside of Mesopotamia.[۲۲] |
The Ziggurat of Dur-Kurigalzu | ![]() |
عراق | آسيا | ۱۴ مه مخزېږديزه پېړۍ | Probably religious rituals | Built by the Kassite King Kurigalzu I.[۲۳] |
Newgrange | آيرلينډ | اروپا | ۳۲۰۰–۲۹۰۰ مخزېږديز | هديره | Partially reconstructed around original passage grave.[۲۴] | |
Monte d'Accoddi | ![]() |
اېټاليا (ساردينيا) | اروپا | ۴۰۰۰–۳۶۰۰ مخزېږديز | Possibly an open-air temple, a ziggurat, or a step pyramid, mastaba. | "A trapezoidal platform on an artificial mound, reached by a sloped causeway."[۲۵] |
Ġgantija | ![]() |
مالټا | اروپا | ۳۷۰۰ مخزېږديز | درمسال | Two structures on the island of Gozo. The second was built four centuries after the oldest.[۲۶][۲۷] |
Cuicuilco Circular Pyramid | مکسيکو | شمالي امريکا | ۸۰۰–۶۰۰ مخزېږديز | Ceremonial center | One of the oldest standing structures of the Mesoamerican cultures.[۲۸] | |
Hunebed (Dolmen) | ![]() |
هالينډ | اروپا | ۴۰۰۰–۳۰۰۰ مخزېږديز | هديره | Common theory states Hunebedden of dolmen are prehistoric burial chambers. |
Mission House | ![]() |
نيو زيليند | 1822 زېږديز | مذهبي | Built by Māori and missionary carpenters.[۲۹] | |
Mehrgarh | ![]() |
پاکستان | آسيا | ۲۶۰۰ مخزېږديز حدودو کې|خټينو خښتو ساتنونکی جوړښت | A complex of ruins with varying dates near Bolan Pass.[۳۰][۳۱] | |
Sechin Bajo | پيرو | سوېلي امريکا | ۳۵۰۰ مخزېږديز | پلازه | The oldest known building in the Americas.[۳۲] | |
Dolmens of North Caucasus | روسيه | اروپا | ۳۰۰۰ مخزېږديز | مړيستون(ارامځای) | There are numerous tombs, some perhaps originating in the Maikop culture, in the North Caucasus.[۳۳][۳۴] | |
Knap of Howar | ![]() |
برېتانيا (سکاټلينډ) | اروپا | ۳۷۰۰ مخزېږديز | House | Oldest preserved stone house in north west Europe.[۳۵][۳۶][۳۷] |
Naveta d'Es Tudons | ![]() |
اسپانيا | اروپا | ۱۲۰۰–۷۵۰ مخزېږديز | مړيستون | The most famous megalithic chamber tomb in Menorca.[۳۸] |
The King's Grave | سويډن | اروپا | ۱۰۰۰ مخزېږديز | مړيستون(ارامځای) | Near Kivik is the remains of an unusually grand Nordic Bronze Age double burial.[۳۹] | |
Hattusa | ![]() |
تورکيه | آسيا | ۱۶۰۰ مخزېږديز حدودو کې | Ramparts and ruined buildings | Capital of the Hittite Empire in the late Bronze Age located near modern Boğazkale.[۴۰] |
Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv | ![]() |
اوکراين | اروپا | ۱۰۳۷ زېږديز | لويه کليسا | Orthodox cathedral, partially rebuilt |
Ancestral Puebloan communities | ![]() |
امريکا متحده ايالات | شمالي امريکا | ۷۵۰ زېږديز | کلی | Pueblo construction began in 750 زېږديز and continues to the present day. These buildings have been within the امريکا متحده ايالات since 1848. |
Bryn Celli Ddu | ![]() |
برېتانيا (ويلز) | اروپا | ۲۰۰۰ مخزېږديز | مړيستون(ارامځای) | Located on the island of Anglesey.[۴۱] |
Great Zimbabwe | زېمبابوې | افريقا | ۱۰۰۰ زېږديز | ځای | د منځنيو پېړيو سلطنت پلازمېنه |
فعاليت، جوړښت او ساختماني توکو له مخې
[سمول]سرچينې
[سمول]- ↑ Stone Pages Archaeo News: Which came first, monumental building projects or farming? Archived 1 August 2017[Date mismatch] at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑
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- ↑ ۴٫۰ ۴٫۱ Gibson, Marion; Trower, Shelley; Tregidga, Garry (2013) Mysticism, Myth and Celtic Identity. Routledge. Abingdon. p. 133 Archived 18 July 2014[Date mismatch] at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ McDonnell, Patrick J. (February 26, 2008) "A new find is the Americas' oldest known urban site". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 12 July 2012.
- ↑ "Senchin Bajo – Plaza in Peru may be the America's oldest urban site". Gogeometry.com. Retrieved 12 July 2012
- ↑ Shaw, Ian, ed (2000). The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt. Oxford University Press. p. 480
- ↑ Shahr-I Sokhta|url=http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1456/ Archived 2020-08-30 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Zona Arqueológica Cuicuilco". Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. (Spanish). Retrieved 12 July 2012
- ↑ Elder, Bruce (2005). "The Brutal Shore". The Sydney Morning Herald. Retrieved 11 September 2011. Archived 5 January 2017[Date mismatch] at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ "Historic Huts in the Antarctic from the 'Heroic Age'." Antarctic-Circle.org. Retrieved 8 July 2012. Archived 27 May 2017[Date mismatch] at the Wayback Machine.
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- ↑ Nikolov, Vassil. "Salt, early complex society, urbanization: Provadia-Solnitsata (۵۵۰۰-۴۲۰۰ BC) (Abstract)" (PDF). Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. بياځلي په 1 November 2012.
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- ↑ "Kemp House Archived 2012-02-26 at the Wayback Machine.. Kerikeri.co.nz. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
- ↑ Jarrige, J. F. (1979). "Excavations at Mehrgarh-Pakistan". In Johanna Engelberta Lohuizen-De Leeuw (ed.). South Asian archaeology 1975: papers from the third International Conference of the Association of South Asian Archaeologists in Western Europe, held in Paris. Brill. pp. 76–87. ISBN 978-90-04-05996-2. بياځلي په 19 August 2011.
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- ↑ Goldhahn, Joakim (2005) Bredarör i Kivik. Department of Archaeology, University of Gothenburg.
- ↑ Hattusha: the Hittite Capital. UNESCO. Retrieved 14 July 2012.
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