سياست
د ويکيپېډيا لخوا
Politics is a process by which groups of people make decisions. The term is generally applied to behavior within civil governments, but politics has been observed in all human group interactions, including corporate, academic and religious institutions. It consists of "social relations involving authority or power"[1] and refers to the regulation of a political unit,[2] and to the methods and tactics used to formulate and apply policy.[3]
The word "Politics" comes from the Greek word "polis" meaning state or city. "Politikos" describes anything concerning the state or city affairs. In Latin, this was "politicus" and in French "politique". Thus it became "politics" in Middle English ( see the Concise Oxford Dictionary).
نيوليک |
[سمول] As an academic discipline
Political science, the study of politics, examines the acquisition and application of power. Related areas of study include political philosophy, which seeks a rationale for politics and an ethic of public behaviour, political economy, which attempts to develop understandings of the relationships between politics and the economy and the governance of the two, and public administration, which examines the practices of governance.
[سمول] Spectra
[سمول] Left-right politics
کينډۍ:Mainarticle Recently in history, political analysts and politicians divide politics into left wing and right wing politics, often also using the idea of center politics as a middle path of policy between the right and left. This classification is comparatively recent (it was not used by Aristotle or Hobbes, for instance), and dates from the French Revolution era, when those members of the National Assembly who supported the republic, the common people and a secular society sat on the left and supporters of the monarchy, aristocratic privilege and the Church sat on the right.[4]
The meanings behind the labels have become more complicated over the years. A particularly influential event was the publication of the Communist Manifesto by Karl Marx and Frederick Engels in 1848. The Manifesto suggested a course of action for a proletarian revolution to overthrow the bourgeois society and abolish private property, in the belief that this would lead to a classless and stateless society.
The meaning of left-wing and right-wing varies considerably between different countries and at different times, but generally speaking, it can be said that the right wing often values tradition and a free markets while the left wing often values reform and egalitarianism.
According to Norberto Bobbio, one of the major exponents of this distinction, the Left believes in attempting to eradicate social inequality, while the Right regards most social inequality as the result of ineradicable natural inequalities, and sees attempts to enforce social equality as utopian or authoritarian.[5]
Some ideologies, notably Christian Democracy, claim to combine left and right wing politics; according to Geoffrey K. Roberts and Patricia Hogwood, "In terms of ideology, Christian Democracy has incorporated many of the views held by liberals, conservatives and socialists within a wider framework of moral and Christian principles."[6] Movements which claim or formerly claimed to be above the left-right divide include Gaullism in France, Peronism in Argentina, and National Action Politics in Mexico.
[سمول] Authoritarian-libertarian politics
Authoritarianism and libertarianism refer to the amount of individual freedom each person possesses in that society relative to the state. One author describes authoritarian political systems as those where "individual rights and goals are subjugated to group goals, expectations and conformities",[7] while a libertarian political system is one in which individual rights and civil liberties are paramount. More extreme than libertarians are anarchists, who argue for the total abolition of government, while the most extreme authoritarians are totalitarians who support state control over all aspects of society.
For instance, classical liberalism (also known as laissez-faire liberalism[8], or, in much of the world, simply liberalism) is a doctrine stressing individual freedom and limited government. This includes the importance of human rationality, individual property rights, free markets, natural rights, the protection of civil liberties, constitutional limitation of government, and individual freedom from restraint as exemplified in the writings of John Locke, Adam Smith, David Hume, David Ricardo, Voltaire, Montesquieu and others. According to the libertarian Institute for Humane Studies, "the libertarian, or 'classical liberal,' perspective is that individual well-being, prosperity, and social harmony are fostered by 'as much liberty as possible' and 'as little government as necessary.'"[9]
[سمول] See also
[سمول] Lists
[سمول] Related topics
- Activism
- Food politics
- Government simulation game
- Music and politics
- Official statistics
- Political activism
- Political compass
- Political corruption
- Political criticism
- Political economy
- Political fiction (list)
- Political movement
- Political party (list by country)
- Political philosophy
- Political psychology
- Political science (outline)
- Political sociology
[سمول] References
- ↑ Definition of politics from die.net
- ↑ Politics (definition)@Everything2.com
- ↑ Definition of politics from "The Free Dictionary"
- ↑ Andrew Knapp and Vincent Wright (2006). The Government and Politics of France, Routledge.
- ↑ Bobbio, Norberto, "Left and Right: The Significance of a Political Distinction" (translated by Allan Cameron), 1997, University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226062465
- ↑ Roberts and Hogwood, European Politics Today, Manchester University Press, 1997
- ↑ Markus Kemmelmeier et al. (2003). "Individualism, Collectivism, and Authoritarianism in Seven Societies". Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 34 (3): 304–322. DOI:10.1177/0022022103034003005.
- ↑ Ian Adams, Political Ideology Today (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2001), 20.
- ↑ What Is Libertarian?, Institute for Humane Studies
سياست ته ځينې خلګ داسې تعريف لري چې يعنې خپل مقصد ته د رسېدلو په خاطر د هر ډول مشروع او نامشروع کار کولو ته غاړه ايښودل.
نړېوال د سياست اسلي تعريف داسې بيانوي...
سياست په انسان کې يوه ځانګړې نغښتې پديده ده چې په هر ډول او شکل د انسانانو تر منځ په يو يا په بله بڼه او د دو په کړو وړو کې راڅرګندېږي. سياست هغه هنر دی چې د ښو کړو وړو او بدو کړووړو د وېشلو تسميم نيسي .
سیاست یا پولیتیکس ، Politics د پولیس د کلمی څخه مشتق شوی. دا هم ویلایشی Politique په شپاړسمه پیړی کی د یو اروپایی سیاستمدار نوم وو د ملک د سلیمی اداری چلولو لپاره یی خپله عقیده ، باور او احساسات چی د دولت په چاروکی قربانی کړی وو کار نه وو اخیستی.
مگر اکثره علما وایی چی Politics د لاتین کلمی پولس څخه اخیستل شوی او پولس د حکومت اویا حکومتداری معنی ورکوی.
نو کولای شو چی ووایو: سیاست یو علم،فن،یا داس هنر دی چی ددی په اساس جامعه کولای شی یو مؤثر ه اداره جوړه کړی اود دولت داخلی او خارجی چاری ددی هنر په اساس په دنیا کی مخ په وړاندی وړلوته کولای شو سیاست ووایو. د سیاست فن په خپل ذات کی د قوت یا power سره ډیرکلک ارتباط لری او د بعضی تکتیکونو داستخدام په اساس د یو منظمی او ارامی فضا دبیا راوستلو لپاره پالیسی جوړونکی علم دی.
ناپلیون وایی : سیاستمدار یا سیاستپوه هغه سړی ته ویلایشی چی د سبا،یومیاشت پس او یوکال بعد پیش بینی وکړی او بیا وکولای شی داسی دلائل راوړی چی وکولای شی تشریح یی کړی او بیاد هغو حوادثو د نه مینځ ته راتلو تضمین ورکړی.
مکاویلی چی په اسلام نړی کی ورته مونږ یو انسانی شیطان وایو داسی وایی: حق همیشه د زورو سره دی مقتدر باید خپل د قدرت څخه په بشپړه توگه استفاده وکړی او د خپل ځان په گټه د بیوزلو او فقیرو لپاره یولړ قوانین وضعه کړی. دا دناتوان او ضعیف سړی دنده ده چی د قوی سړی خدمت او سر ټیټونه و کړی. قوی سړی باید همیشه خدمتگاران پیداکړی. دده مشهور کتاب شهزاده کی وایی چی خپل هدف ته د رسیدولو لپاره د هرقسمه (مشروع-او نامشروع) اعمالوته غاړه ایښودل اقتدار ته د رسیدلولپاره یو ډیر اهم شرط بولی.
نور بیا
[سمول] دا هم وګورۍ
[سمول] سرچينې
- Introduction to Political Science By Siraj and Moten, IIUM
- ,The Prince
- ,Wekipedia.com
- ,www.Taand.com
- www.tolafghan.com
